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Introduction to Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Encoding, Storage and Retrieval describe what?

A

The 3 stages of memory process

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2
Q

Sensory memory, Working memory and Long term memory describe what?

A

The 3 stages of encoding?

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3
Q

Vast durable memories. Potentially unlimited. Access via working memory. Not precise. What type of memory does this describe?

A

Long-term memory

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4
Q

get info into memory by translating it into neural code. What does this describe?

A

Encoding

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5
Q

memory store that temporarily holds limited info. What type of memory does this describe?

A

Short-term memory

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6
Q

Combining individual items into larger bits of meaning. What does this describe?

A

Chunking

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7
Q

What are retrieval cues?

A

Internal or External stimulus that helps retrieve info in long term memory

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8
Q

What is Sensory memory?

A

A brief storage of perceptual info

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9
Q

What is working memory?

A

A limited amount of memory 7+ or -2
A limited amount of time = 18 seconds
Can work with info in STM.
Memory you are consciously aware of

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10
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Something you remember experiencing

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11
Q

What is the most useful encoding strategy for long term memory

A

Elaborative rehearsal

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12
Q

How long can memory be stored in Short term memory?

A

18-30 seconds

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13
Q

What is primacy effect?

A

The tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list

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14
Q

What is another name for Non-declarative memory?

A

Implicit memory

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15
Q

What is non-declarative memory?

A

Memories for how to do things which are revealed through skills and actions as well as classical conditioning like fear

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16
Q

Who is a key researcher in regards to working memory?

A

Alan Baddeley & collegues

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17
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

When old info gets in the way of new info. e.g., old password instead of new

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18
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

When new info gets in the way of old. e.g. can’t remember how to use Mac when now using Windows

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19
Q

What is memory?

A

The process that allows us to record, store and retrieve experiences and info

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20
Q

What are 3 popular metaphors for memory?

A

Filing cabinet
Film on camera
Computer

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21
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal

A

E.g., repeating a phone number in working memory

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22
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

linking the new info to old info. eg. relating the new info to something you have experienced

23
Q

What is the difference between massed and distributed practice? and what is more effective

A

Massed prac - studying for 12 hrs straight
Distributed prac - study 1 hr for 12 days.
Distributed prac is more effective

24
Q

What are the 3 key points of sensory memory?

A

Raw perception by senses
Sensory registers hold long enough to be linked and further processed
Fades quickly if not processed

25
Q

What are the 4 working memory components?

A
  1. Central executive
  2. Visuospatial sketchpad
  3. Episodic buffer
  4. Phonological loop
26
Q

What are the 2 types of long term memories?

A

Declarative - Explicit

Non-declarative - implicit

27
Q

What are 2 types of Declarative memories?

A

Semantic - facts / general knowledge

Episodic - personally experienced events

28
Q

What are 2 types of Non-declarative or implicit memories?

A

Skills - motor cognitive

Classical conditioning - eg fear

29
Q

Who researched the forgetting curve?

A

Ebbinghaus

30
Q

What did Ebbinghaus demonstrate?

A

Forgetting happens rapidly within the first hour then tapers off.

31
Q

What is decay?

A

Info gradually disappears from memory

32
Q

What does a retrieval cue do?

A

Reminds us of info we cant recall
Guides us where to look for info
Narrows the search & triggers assoc.

33
Q

What are Context effects?

A

Memory works better in the context of original learning

34
Q

What are 2 types of context effects?

A

Mood congruent memory

State dependent memory

35
Q

What is mood congruent memory?

A

Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood

36
Q

What is state-dependent memory?

A

What is learned in one state can more easily be remembered in the same state. e.g. drunk

37
Q

How much do we remember in sensory, short and long term memory?

A

Sensory - amazing detail only momentarily
Short - few items noticed & encoded
Long - some items are altered or lost

38
Q

How much do we remember in sensory, short and long term memory?

A

Sensory - amazing detail only momentarily
Short - few items noticed & encoded
Long - some items are altered or lost

39
Q

Retrieval from long-term memory is dependent on 4 things. What are they?

A
  1. Interference
  2. Retrieval cues
  3. Moods / states
  4. Motives
40
Q

Who demonstrated reconstructive memory?

A

Carmichael, Hogan & Walter

e.g., eyeglasses - dumbbell

41
Q

What are the 3 key points of reconstructive memory?

A
  1. filter info & fill in missing bits
  2. Source monitoring or Misattribution
  3. Misinformation - info after event can distort memory
42
Q

What is a suggestive question?

A

The cars (smashed, collided, bumped, hit, contacted) each other - affects he estimate of speed

43
Q

What is a leading question?

A

The broken headlight

A broken headlight

44
Q

What are 3 things that make eyewitness testimony unreliable?

A
  1. Recall is not exact
    2, Recall is reconstructive from diff sources
  2. Often fit memory into existing beliefs
45
Q

What is memory distortion?

A

memory gaps are filled with guesses & assumptions. Even imagining can create false memories.

46
Q

What is Autobiographical memory?

A

Episodic memory - helps us create a continuous picture of our lives

47
Q

What are 3 ways we can study autobiographical memory?

A
  1. Retrospective surveys
  2. Diary studies
  3. Provide retrieval cues (words, photos)
48
Q

Are retrospective surveys reliable?

A

No

49
Q

Are diary studies helpful

A

Yes but there are limitations

50
Q

Does providing retrieval cues improve recall?

A

Yes. Quite dramatically

51
Q

Memory is high for recalling events between the age of 10-30. What is this called?

A

Reminiscence Bump

52
Q

What are the 3 reasons for the Reminiscence bump?

A
  1. Cultural expectations of major life events
  2. Big life events - kiss, leave home, job
  3. can recall these as they fit cultural script
53
Q

What is the difference between USA and Chinese types of memories:

A

USA - self-focused memory

Chinese - group or collective-focus

Introduction to Psychology (7 decks)

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