Memory Flashcards
Encoding, Storage and Retrieval describe what?
The 3 stages of memory process
Sensory memory, Working memory and Long term memory describe what?
The 3 stages of encoding?
Vast durable memories. Potentially unlimited. Access via working memory. Not precise. What type of memory does this describe?
Long-term memory
get info into memory by translating it into neural code. What does this describe?
Encoding
memory store that temporarily holds limited info. What type of memory does this describe?
Short-term memory
Combining individual items into larger bits of meaning. What does this describe?
Chunking
What are retrieval cues?
Internal or External stimulus that helps retrieve info in long term memory
What is Sensory memory?
A brief storage of perceptual info
What is working memory?
A limited amount of memory 7+ or -2
A limited amount of time = 18 seconds
Can work with info in STM.
Memory you are consciously aware of
What is episodic memory?
Something you remember experiencing
What is the most useful encoding strategy for long term memory
Elaborative rehearsal
How long can memory be stored in Short term memory?
18-30 seconds
What is primacy effect?
The tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list
What is another name for Non-declarative memory?
Implicit memory
What is non-declarative memory?
Memories for how to do things which are revealed through skills and actions as well as classical conditioning like fear
Who is a key researcher in regards to working memory?
Alan Baddeley & collegues
What is proactive interference?
When old info gets in the way of new info. e.g., old password instead of new
What is retroactive interference?
When new info gets in the way of old. e.g. can’t remember how to use Mac when now using Windows
What is memory?
The process that allows us to record, store and retrieve experiences and info
What are 3 popular metaphors for memory?
Filing cabinet
Film on camera
Computer
What is maintenance rehearsal
E.g., repeating a phone number in working memory
What is elaborative rehearsal?
linking the new info to old info. eg. relating the new info to something you have experienced
What is the difference between massed and distributed practice? and what is more effective
Massed prac - studying for 12 hrs straight
Distributed prac - study 1 hr for 12 days.
Distributed prac is more effective
What are the 3 key points of sensory memory?
Raw perception by senses
Sensory registers hold long enough to be linked and further processed
Fades quickly if not processed
What are the 4 working memory components?
- Central executive
- Visuospatial sketchpad
- Episodic buffer
- Phonological loop
What are the 2 types of long term memories?
Declarative - Explicit
Non-declarative - implicit
What are 2 types of Declarative memories?
Semantic - facts / general knowledge
Episodic - personally experienced events
What are 2 types of Non-declarative or implicit memories?
Skills - motor cognitive
Classical conditioning - eg fear
Who researched the forgetting curve?
Ebbinghaus
What did Ebbinghaus demonstrate?
Forgetting happens rapidly within the first hour then tapers off.
What is decay?
Info gradually disappears from memory
What does a retrieval cue do?
Reminds us of info we cant recall
Guides us where to look for info
Narrows the search & triggers assoc.
What are Context effects?
Memory works better in the context of original learning
What are 2 types of context effects?
Mood congruent memory
State dependent memory
What is mood congruent memory?
Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood
What is state-dependent memory?
What is learned in one state can more easily be remembered in the same state. e.g. drunk
How much do we remember in sensory, short and long term memory?
Sensory - amazing detail only momentarily
Short - few items noticed & encoded
Long - some items are altered or lost
How much do we remember in sensory, short and long term memory?
Sensory - amazing detail only momentarily
Short - few items noticed & encoded
Long - some items are altered or lost
Retrieval from long-term memory is dependent on 4 things. What are they?
- Interference
- Retrieval cues
- Moods / states
- Motives
Who demonstrated reconstructive memory?
Carmichael, Hogan & Walter
e.g., eyeglasses - dumbbell
What are the 3 key points of reconstructive memory?
- filter info & fill in missing bits
- Source monitoring or Misattribution
- Misinformation - info after event can distort memory
What is a suggestive question?
The cars (smashed, collided, bumped, hit, contacted) each other - affects he estimate of speed
What is a leading question?
The broken headlight
A broken headlight
What are 3 things that make eyewitness testimony unreliable?
- Recall is not exact
2, Recall is reconstructive from diff sources - Often fit memory into existing beliefs
What is memory distortion?
memory gaps are filled with guesses & assumptions. Even imagining can create false memories.
What is Autobiographical memory?
Episodic memory - helps us create a continuous picture of our lives
What are 3 ways we can study autobiographical memory?
- Retrospective surveys
- Diary studies
- Provide retrieval cues (words, photos)
Are retrospective surveys reliable?
No
Are diary studies helpful
Yes but there are limitations
Does providing retrieval cues improve recall?
Yes. Quite dramatically
Memory is high for recalling events between the age of 10-30. What is this called?
Reminiscence Bump
What are the 3 reasons for the Reminiscence bump?
- Cultural expectations of major life events
- Big life events - kiss, leave home, job
- can recall these as they fit cultural script
What is the difference between USA and Chinese types of memories:
USA - self-focused memory
Chinese - group or collective-focus
