Memory

Question 1

Encoding, Storage and Retrieval describe what?

Answer 1

The 3 stages of memory process

Question 2

Sensory memory, Working memory and Long term memory describe what?

Answer 2

The 3 stages of encoding?

Question 3

Vast durable memories. Potentially unlimited. Access via working memory. Not precise. What type of memory does this describe?

Answer 3

Long-term memory

Question 4

get info into memory by translating it into neural code. What does this describe?

Answer 4

Encoding

Question 5

memory store that temporarily holds limited info. What type of memory does this describe?

Answer 5

Short-term memory

Question 6

Combining individual items into larger bits of meaning. What does this describe?

Answer 6

Chunking

Question 7

What are retrieval cues?

Answer 7

Internal or External stimulus that helps retrieve info in long term memory

Question 8

What is Sensory memory?

Answer 8

A brief storage of perceptual info

Question 9

What is working memory?

Answer 9

A limited amount of memory 7+ or -2
A limited amount of time = 18 seconds
Can work with info in STM.
Memory you are consciously aware of

Question 10

What is episodic memory?

Answer 10

Something you remember experiencing

Question 11

What is the most useful encoding strategy for long term memory

Answer 11

Elaborative rehearsal

Question 12

How long can memory be stored in Short term memory?

Answer 12

18-30 seconds

Question 13

What is primacy effect?

Answer 13

The tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list

Question 14

What is another name for Non-declarative memory?

Answer 14

Implicit memory

Question 15

What is non-declarative memory?

Answer 15

Memories for how to do things which are revealed through skills and actions as well as classical conditioning like fear

Question 16

Who is a key researcher in regards to working memory?

Answer 16

Alan Baddeley & collegues

Question 17

What is proactive interference?

Answer 17

When old info gets in the way of new info. e.g., old password instead of new

Question 18

What is retroactive interference?

Answer 18

When new info gets in the way of old. e.g. can’t remember how to use Mac when now using Windows

Question 19

What is memory?

Answer 19

The process that allows us to record, store and retrieve experiences and info

Question 20

What are 3 popular metaphors for memory?

Answer 20

Filing cabinet
Film on camera
Computer

Question 21

What is maintenance rehearsal

Answer 21

E.g., repeating a phone number in working memory

Question 22

What is elaborative rehearsal?

Answer 22

linking the new info to old info. eg. relating the new info to something you have experienced

Question 23

What is the difference between massed and distributed practice? and what is more effective

Answer 23

Massed prac - studying for 12 hrs straight
Distributed prac - study 1 hr for 12 days.
Distributed prac is more effective

Question 24

What are the 3 key points of sensory memory?

Answer 24

Raw perception by senses
Sensory registers hold long enough to be linked and further processed
Fades quickly if not processed

Question 25

What are the 4 working memory components?

Answer 25

1. Central executive 2. Visuospatial sketchpad 3. Episodic buffer 4. Phonological loop

Question 26

What are the 2 types of long term memories?

Answer 26

Declarative - Explicit | Non-declarative - implicit

Question 27

What are 2 types of Declarative memories?

Answer 27

Semantic - facts / general knowledge | Episodic - personally experienced events

Question 28

What are 2 types of Non-declarative or implicit memories?

Answer 28

Skills - motor cognitive | Classical conditioning - eg fear

Question 29

Who researched the forgetting curve?

Answer 29

Ebbinghaus

Question 30

What did Ebbinghaus demonstrate?

Answer 30

Forgetting happens rapidly within the first hour then tapers off.

Question 31

What is decay?

Answer 31

Info gradually disappears from memory

Question 32

What does a retrieval cue do?

Answer 32

Reminds us of info we cant recall Guides us where to look for info Narrows the search & triggers assoc.

Question 33

What are Context effects?

Answer 33

Memory works better in the context of original learning

Question 34

What are 2 types of context effects?

Answer 34

Mood congruent memory | State dependent memory

Question 35

What is mood congruent memory?

Answer 35

Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood

Question 36

What is state-dependent memory?

Answer 36

What is learned in one state can more easily be remembered in the same state. e.g. drunk

Question 37

How much do we remember in sensory, short and long term memory?

Answer 37

Sensory - amazing detail only momentarily Short - few items noticed & encoded Long - some items are altered or lost

Question 38

How much do we remember in sensory, short and long term memory?

Answer 38

Sensory - amazing detail only momentarily Short - few items noticed & encoded Long - some items are altered or lost

Question 39

Retrieval from long-term memory is dependent on 4 things. What are they?

Answer 39

1. Interference 2. Retrieval cues 3. Moods / states 4. Motives

Question 40

Who demonstrated reconstructive memory?

Answer 40

Carmichael, Hogan & Walter | e.g., eyeglasses - dumbbell

Question 41

What are the 3 key points of reconstructive memory?

Answer 41

1. filter info & fill in missing bits 2. Source monitoring or Misattribution 3. Misinformation - info after event can distort memory

Question 42

What is a suggestive question?

Answer 42

The cars (smashed, collided, bumped, hit, contacted) each other - affects he estimate of speed

Question 43

What is a leading question?

Answer 43

The broken headlight | A broken headlight

Question 44

What are 3 things that make eyewitness testimony unreliable?

Answer 44

1. Recall is not exact 2, Recall is reconstructive from diff sources 3. Often fit memory into existing beliefs

Question 45

What is memory distortion?

Answer 45

memory gaps are filled with guesses & assumptions. Even imagining can create false memories.

Question 46

What is Autobiographical memory?

Answer 46

Episodic memory - helps us create a continuous picture of our lives

Question 47

What are 3 ways we can study autobiographical memory?

Answer 47

1. Retrospective surveys 2. Diary studies 3. Provide retrieval cues (words, photos)

Question 48

Are retrospective surveys reliable?

Answer 48

No

Question 49

Are diary studies helpful

Answer 49

Yes but there are limitations

Question 50

Does providing retrieval cues improve recall?

Answer 50

Yes. Quite dramatically

Question 51

Memory is high for recalling events between the age of 10-30. What is this called?

Answer 51

Reminiscence Bump

Question 52

What are the 3 reasons for the Reminiscence bump?

Answer 52

1. Cultural expectations of major life events 2. Big life events - kiss, leave home, job 3. can recall these as they fit cultural script

Question 53

What is the difference between USA and Chinese types of memories:

Answer 53

USA - self-focused memory | Chinese - group or collective-focus