Learning Flashcards
What is Learning?
Enduring behaviour as a result of interaction with environment
What is behaviour?
Activity of living Organisms
What are 3 types of Learning?
Habituation
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
What is Habituation?
Modification of behaviour as a result of repetition of single stimulus. Learn to ignore. (balloons popping at a party)
What is Sensitisation?
Modification of behaviour as a result of repetition of a single stimulus. Learned anxiety (balloons popping at a party)
What is Classical Conditioning?
The learning of a new association between 2 previously unrelated stimuli
Who discovered Classical contioning?
Pavlov
In Classical Conditioning, all responses are
automatic reflexes
What are the 4 main conditioning terms?
UCS - Unconditioned Stimulus
UCR - Unconditioned Response
CS - Conditioned Stimulus
CR - Conditioned Response
What are the 4 Classical conditioning processes?
Aquisition
Extinction & spontaneous recovery
Generalisation
Descrimination
What is Aquisition?
Learning the conditioned response that requires multiple pairings of the CS and UCS
What is Operant Extinction?
Weakening of CR when the CS is presented without the UCS. It is not unlearned, it is just suppressed.
What is Spontaneous recovery in Classical Conditioning?
The return of a previously extinguished CR
What is Stimulus Generalisation?
organism may respond to a similar stimulus (e,g., tuning fork)
What is Stimulus Discrimination?
Animal learns to respond differently to stimuli that differ from the CS
What determines whether conditioning occurs?
Timing and Predictability
What is the significance of classical conditioning?
Many emotions may be classically conditioned (refer John B Watson & Little Albert)
Conditioned emotional responses may lead to the development of what?
Phobias
How can you create fear of rats in a baby?
make a loud noise whenever the baby plays with the rat. (babies are naturally fearful of loud noises)
NS rat + UCS loud noise = UCR fear
What are 4 main applications of classical conditioning?
Learning
Addictions
Phobias
Advertising
What reflex occurs before conditioning?
UCR = Unconditioned response
What stimulus elicits the UCR before conditioning?
UCS = Unconditioned stimulus
What response occurs as a result of conditioning?
CR = conditioned response
What stimulus elicits the CR?
CS = Conditioned Stimulus
What is Operant Conditioning?
Learning of a new association between voluntary behaviour and reward or punishment.
What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect?
Behaviour that results in reward is more likely to be repeated.
Behaviour that results in punishment is less likely to be repeated
B F Skinner looked at the processes of what?
Training/teaching behaviour
What is operant conditioning procedure?
Reponse, Reinforcement, Repeatedly
What is reinforcement?
A stimulus that occurs after the behaviour that increases the likelihood that the behaviour with occur in the future
What is punishment?
A stimulus that occurs after behaviour that decreases the likelihood that the behaviour will occur in the future
What is positive reinforcement?
receiving a pleasant stimulus after a behavour occurred
What is negative reinforcement?
The removal of a negative stimulus after a behaviour has occurred
What is magnitude of reinforcer?
If stimulus is highly valued then learning is faster
What are the 4 procedures of operant conditioning?
Aquisition
Shaping
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
What is shaping?
Reinforcing responses that come close to the desired response
What is spontaneous recovery in operant conditioning?
A sudden increase in the rate of responding after responding has decreased to a low level
What is a primary reinforcer?
Innate reinforcing stimulus like food or drink. Also relief from negative stimulus like shock, pain or fear
What is a secondary reinforcer?
A learned reinforcer that gains power through its association with the primary e.g., money, grades, praise
What is generalisation in operant condtioning?
response to stimuli similar but not identical to the original stimulus.
What is discrimination in operant conditioning?
Less pronounced response to stimuli that differ from the original stimulus
What is discrimination learning in operant conditioning?
Learning different responses according to which of two or more stimuli are present. e.g., traffic lights
Operant Conditioning relies on 2 factors. What are they?
Nearness of events in Time &
Predictability - dependency between events
What are the 2 types of schedules for operant conditioning?
Continuous rein - after every response
Partial/Intermit rein - not after every response
What are the 4 partial reinforcement schedules?
Fixed ratio - set number of responses
Variable ratio - unfixed no. of responses
Fixed interval - given at a set time period
Variable interval - given at variable times
What are the 3 main applications of operant conditioning?
To change behaviour
Reward appropriate behaviour
Extinguish inappropriate behaviour
What is higher-order conditioning
A neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already est.
What is exposure therapy?
Exposure to a CS that arouses fear without the UCS to allow extinction to occur
What is aversion therapy?
Condition a revulsion to a stimulus that triggers unwanted behaviour
How can classical conditioning improve health?
Take antihistamine with unusual tasting drink. Soon the drink alone will reduce reactions
Can the immune system be classically conditioned
Yes
If you pair sherbet with epinephrine repeatedly. What will happen if you just give sherbert?
Increased immunity
Can classical conditioning fight disease?
Yes, pair sweet drink with drug therapy for overactive immune system
What is a discriminative stimulus
When the rate learns to only push the leaver with the light is on then the light has become the discriminative stimulus
What is another name for positive punishment?
Aversive punishment
What is another name for negative punishment?
Response cost
What is delay discounting?
The value of a consequence is reduced as the delay increases. Hard to stick to N.Y. resolutions
What is a Skinner box
a chamber used to study operant conditioning experimentally.
What is shaping?
reinforcing approximations towards the goal
What is chaining?
reinforce each response with the opportunity to perform the next response. e.g., rat bumps into bell that turns on the light so the rat pushes lever for food. Usually starts with the last step
What are the 2 types of reinforcement?
Continuous Partial (intermittent)
What is the partial reinforcement extinction effect?
partial reinforcement takes longer to extinguish e.g., pokies
What is escape conditoning
animal learns a response to terminate the negative stimulus. e.g., cold? put on coat
What is avoidance condtioning?
animal learns a preventative response to avoid negative stimulus. e.g., sunscreen
What is the 2-factor theory of avoidance learning?
When Classical & Operant conditioning are involved in a single event. e.g. rat fear of light. rat run from light
What are the wide applications of operant conditioning?
War, health, education, social problems, specialised animal training
What are token economies?
Desirable behaviours are reinforced with tokens
What is Applied Behavioural analysis?
combines behavioural approach with scientific method to solve problems
What is Applied Behaviour
What is Preparedness?
through evolution, animals are predisposed to learn some associations more easily than others
What is a conditioned aversion?
e.g., feeling sick after eating a particular food. You can now feel sick just looking at that food
What is the easiest thing to classically condtion?
FEAR
What is instinctive drift?
A tendency for a CR to drift back toward instinct
What does S-O-R stand for in cognitive learning
S = Stimulus O = Cognitive representation R = Response
What is the Cognitive Expectancy Model in classical conditioning?
Not how often the CS is paired with the UCS but how well the CS predicts the appearance of the UCS.
Does S-O-R play a key role in both Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning?
YES
Who demonstrated Latent Learning?
TOLMAN
What is latent learning?
Learnt behaviour that is not demonstrated until there is an incentive
What is Observational learning?
Learning by observing the behaviour of a model
What are some unintentional learning that can take place by observation?
Fear
Prejudices
Likes & Dislikes
What is another name for Bandura’s Social Cognitive theory?
Social-learning theory
What is social-cognitive learning?
People learn by observing the behaviour of models
What are Bandura’s 4 steps in the modelling process?
Attention - pay attention
Retention - retain info in memory
Reproduction - physically reproduce
Motivation - motivated to do behaviour
What is Bandura’s Self-Efficacy?
Peoples belief that they are capable of producing a desired outcome
In Bandura’s 1965 experiment, what did most of the children do after watching an aggressive model attack an inflatable clown?
They imitated the behaviour
Research suggests that viewing media violence produces 3 outcomes. What are they?
Viewer become desensitised to suffering
Viewer become desensitised to violence
Increase some viewers aggression
Exposure to pro-social behaviour does what?
Enhances people’s helping behaviour
What are some applications of observational learning?
Teachers model how to write pronounce and use words.
Parents, teachers, managers, coaches model how to solve problems.
