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Introduction to Psychology > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Learning?

A

Enduring behaviour as a result of interaction with environment

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2
Q

What is behaviour?

A

Activity of living Organisms

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3
Q

What are 3 types of Learning?

A

Habituation
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning

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4
Q

What is Habituation?

A

Modification of behaviour as a result of repetition of single stimulus. Learn to ignore. (balloons popping at a party)

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5
Q

What is Sensitisation?

A

Modification of behaviour as a result of repetition of a single stimulus. Learned anxiety (balloons popping at a party)

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6
Q

What is Classical Conditioning?

A

The learning of a new association between 2 previously unrelated stimuli

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7
Q

Who discovered Classical contioning?

A

Pavlov

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8
Q

In Classical Conditioning, all responses are

A

automatic reflexes

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9
Q

What are the 4 main conditioning terms?

A

UCS - Unconditioned Stimulus
UCR - Unconditioned Response
CS - Conditioned Stimulus
CR - Conditioned Response

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10
Q

What are the 4 Classical conditioning processes?

A

Aquisition
Extinction & spontaneous recovery
Generalisation
Descrimination

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11
Q

What is Aquisition?

A

Learning the conditioned response that requires multiple pairings of the CS and UCS

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12
Q

What is Operant Extinction?

A

Weakening of CR when the CS is presented without the UCS. It is not unlearned, it is just suppressed.

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13
Q

What is Spontaneous recovery in Classical Conditioning?

A

The return of a previously extinguished CR

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14
Q

What is Stimulus Generalisation?

A

organism may respond to a similar stimulus (e,g., tuning fork)

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15
Q

What is Stimulus Discrimination?

A

Animal learns to respond differently to stimuli that differ from the CS

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16
Q

What determines whether conditioning occurs?

A

Timing and Predictability

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17
Q

What is the significance of classical conditioning?

A

Many emotions may be classically conditioned (refer John B Watson & Little Albert)

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18
Q

Conditioned emotional responses may lead to the development of what?

A

Phobias

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19
Q

How can you create fear of rats in a baby?

A

make a loud noise whenever the baby plays with the rat. (babies are naturally fearful of loud noises)
NS rat + UCS loud noise = UCR fear

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20
Q

What are 4 main applications of classical conditioning?

A

Learning
Addictions
Phobias
Advertising

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21
Q

What reflex occurs before conditioning?

A

UCR = Unconditioned response

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22
Q

What stimulus elicits the UCR before conditioning?

A

UCS = Unconditioned stimulus

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23
Q

What response occurs as a result of conditioning?

A

CR = conditioned response

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24
Q

What stimulus elicits the CR?

A

CS = Conditioned Stimulus

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25
Q

What is Operant Conditioning?

A

Learning of a new association between voluntary behaviour and reward or punishment.

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26
Q

What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect?

A

Behaviour that results in reward is more likely to be repeated.
Behaviour that results in punishment is less likely to be repeated

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27
Q

B F Skinner looked at the processes of what?

A

Training/teaching behaviour

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28
Q

What is operant conditioning procedure?

A

Reponse, Reinforcement, Repeatedly

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29
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

A stimulus that occurs after the behaviour that increases the likelihood that the behaviour with occur in the future

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30
Q

What is punishment?

A

A stimulus that occurs after behaviour that decreases the likelihood that the behaviour will occur in the future

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31
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

receiving a pleasant stimulus after a behavour occurred

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32
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

The removal of a negative stimulus after a behaviour has occurred

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33
Q

What is magnitude of reinforcer?

A

If stimulus is highly valued then learning is faster

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34
Q

What are the 4 procedures of operant conditioning?

A

Aquisition
Shaping
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery

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35
Q

What is shaping?

A

Reinforcing responses that come close to the desired response

36
Q

What is spontaneous recovery in operant conditioning?

A

A sudden increase in the rate of responding after responding has decreased to a low level

37
Q

What is a primary reinforcer?

A

Innate reinforcing stimulus like food or drink. Also relief from negative stimulus like shock, pain or fear

38
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A

A learned reinforcer that gains power through its association with the primary e.g., money, grades, praise

39
Q

What is generalisation in operant condtioning?

A

response to stimuli similar but not identical to the original stimulus.

40
Q

What is discrimination in operant conditioning?

A

Less pronounced response to stimuli that differ from the original stimulus

41
Q

What is discrimination learning in operant conditioning?

A

Learning different responses according to which of two or more stimuli are present. e.g., traffic lights

42
Q

Operant Conditioning relies on 2 factors. What are they?

A

Nearness of events in Time &

Predictability - dependency between events

43
Q

What are the 2 types of schedules for operant conditioning?

A

Continuous rein - after every response

Partial/Intermit rein - not after every response

44
Q

What are the 4 partial reinforcement schedules?

A

Fixed ratio - set number of responses
Variable ratio - unfixed no. of responses
Fixed interval - given at a set time period
Variable interval - given at variable times

45
Q

What are the 3 main applications of operant conditioning?

A

To change behaviour
Reward appropriate behaviour
Extinguish inappropriate behaviour

46
Q

What is higher-order conditioning

A

A neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already est.

47
Q

What is exposure therapy?

A

Exposure to a CS that arouses fear without the UCS to allow extinction to occur

48
Q

What is aversion therapy?

A

Condition a revulsion to a stimulus that triggers unwanted behaviour

49
Q

How can classical conditioning improve health?

A

Take antihistamine with unusual tasting drink. Soon the drink alone will reduce reactions

50
Q

Can the immune system be classically conditioned

A

Yes

51
Q

If you pair sherbet with epinephrine repeatedly. What will happen if you just give sherbert?

A

Increased immunity

52
Q

Can classical conditioning fight disease?

A

Yes, pair sweet drink with drug therapy for overactive immune system

53
Q

What is a discriminative stimulus

A

When the rate learns to only push the leaver with the light is on then the light has become the discriminative stimulus

54
Q

What is another name for positive punishment?

A

Aversive punishment

55
Q

What is another name for negative punishment?

A

Response cost

56
Q

What is delay discounting?

A

The value of a consequence is reduced as the delay increases. Hard to stick to N.Y. resolutions

57
Q

What is a Skinner box

A

a chamber used to study operant conditioning experimentally.

58
Q

What is shaping?

A

reinforcing approximations towards the goal

59
Q

What is chaining?

A

reinforce each response with the opportunity to perform the next response. e.g., rat bumps into bell that turns on the light so the rat pushes lever for food. Usually starts with the last step

60
Q

What are the 2 types of reinforcement?

A 
Continuous
Partial (intermittent)
61
Q

What is the partial reinforcement extinction effect?

A

partial reinforcement takes longer to extinguish e.g., pokies

62
Q

What is escape conditoning

A

animal learns a response to terminate the negative stimulus. e.g., cold? put on coat

63
Q

What is avoidance condtioning?

A

animal learns a preventative response to avoid negative stimulus. e.g., sunscreen

64
Q

What is the 2-factor theory of avoidance learning?

A

When Classical & Operant conditioning are involved in a single event. e.g. rat fear of light. rat run from light

65
Q

What are the wide applications of operant conditioning?

A

War, health, education, social problems, specialised animal training

66
Q

What are token economies?

A

Desirable behaviours are reinforced with tokens

67
Q

What is Applied Behavioural analysis?

A

combines behavioural approach with scientific method to solve problems

67
Q

What is Applied Behaviour

A
68
Q

What is Preparedness?

A

through evolution, animals are predisposed to learn some associations more easily than others

69
Q

What is a conditioned aversion?

A

e.g., feeling sick after eating a particular food. You can now feel sick just looking at that food

70
Q

What is the easiest thing to classically condtion?

A

FEAR

71
Q

What is instinctive drift?

A

A tendency for a CR to drift back toward instinct

72
Q

What does S-O-R stand for in cognitive learning

A 
S = Stimulus
O = Cognitive representation
R = Response
73
Q

What is the Cognitive Expectancy Model in classical conditioning?

A

Not how often the CS is paired with the UCS but how well the CS predicts the appearance of the UCS.

74
Q

Does S-O-R play a key role in both Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning?

A

YES

75
Q

Who demonstrated Latent Learning?

A

TOLMAN

76
Q

What is latent learning?

A

Learnt behaviour that is not demonstrated until there is an incentive

77
Q

What is Observational learning?

A

Learning by observing the behaviour of a model

78
Q

What are some unintentional learning that can take place by observation?

A

Fear
Prejudices
Likes & Dislikes

79
Q

What is another name for Bandura’s Social Cognitive theory?

A

Social-learning theory

80
Q

What is social-cognitive learning?

A

People learn by observing the behaviour of models

81
Q

What are Bandura’s 4 steps in the modelling process?

A

Attention - pay attention
Retention - retain info in memory
Reproduction - physically reproduce
Motivation - motivated to do behaviour

82
Q

What is Bandura’s Self-Efficacy?

A

Peoples belief that they are capable of producing a desired outcome

83
Q

In Bandura’s 1965 experiment, what did most of the children do after watching an aggressive model attack an inflatable clown?

A

They imitated the behaviour

84
Q

Research suggests that viewing media violence produces 3 outcomes. What are they?

A

Viewer become desensitised to suffering
Viewer become desensitised to violence
Increase some viewers aggression

85
Q

Exposure to pro-social behaviour does what?

A

Enhances people’s helping behaviour

86
Q

What are some applications of observational learning?

A

Teachers model how to write pronounce and use words.

Parents, teachers, managers, coaches model how to solve problems.

Introduction to Psychology (7 decks)

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