Development Psychology Flashcards by Allana Jellard

What are the 5 issues of Developmental Psychology?

Nature V Nurture
Sensitive V Critical
Stability V Change
Continuity V Discontinuity
Normative V Non normative

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What are the 3 main types of research?

Cross Sectional
Longitudinal
Sequential

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Inherited Biological characteristics
Physical
Psychosocial
Sociocultural environment
The interaction of the above 4 describe what?

Physical & psychological development over lifespan as per Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory of development

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Continuity
Change
Growth
Decline
What do the above 4 describe?

the impact of physical development on psychological functioning

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Stable caregivers & secure loving relationships. What does this describe

Optimal development conditions

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What impacts emotional & social development?

Lack of love and stable carers

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What are the 4 exceptions to development when stable caregiving has not been received?

Individual differences
Protective factors
Life experience
Resilience

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What are Erikson’s 8 stages of psychosocial development?

Trust V Mistrust
Autonomy V Shame & doubt
Initiative V Guilt
Industry V Inferiority
Identity V role confusion
Intimacy & Isolation
Generativity & Stagnation
Integrity V Despair

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Why is developmental psych so important?

So parents & professionals can work with kids of different ages
Can understand when things go wrong
Understand what impacts development so can assist

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What is Development psychology?

To understand how & why people change & remain the same over time

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What are the 3 areas of developmental psychology?

Physical
Cognitive
Social

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Who demonstrated the Ecological Systems theory?

Bronfenbrenner

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What are the 6 areas of Bronfenbrenner’s theory?

Individual
Microsystem
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
Chronosystem

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Describe Microsystem?

Closest to individual. includes family, friends and teachers

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Describe Mesosystem?

relationship between micros eg. home & work

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Describe Exosystem?

environmental impacts without them playing a role e.g., work policies

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Describe Macrosystem?

Outer environment e.g., laws & cultural values

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Describe Chronosystem?

Outer environment that changes over lifetime

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What are critical periods of development?

An age range where certain experiences must occur for normal development

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Describe Maturation theory?

It suggests that changes follow an orderly sequence

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Describe the 2 types of change

Continuous - gradual alteration of behaviour

Discontinuous - stages in a fixed sequence

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Describe continuity

Strong consistencies over time in Intelligence, Personality & social skills

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Why is there a strong consistency in intelligence, personality & social skills?

Because of

Biological characteristics
Individual shaping environment
Cumulative effects of pos & neg experiences

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What are the 2 types of differences in developmental trajectories?

Quantitative - disabled - same stage but slower

Qualitative - Autism - develop different from peers

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Who developed Constructivism?

Piaget

Describe constuctivism?

Children construct schemas through engaging with the world

What are the 4 parts of Piaget's stage model?

1. Schema - patterns of thought/actions 2. Assimilation - new things add to schema 3. Accommodation - exist schema change 4. Disequilibrium - imbalance till Accom

What are Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development?

1. Sensorimotor - birth -2 2. Preoperational - 2-7 3. Concrete operational - 7-12 4. Formal operational - 12 plus

What is egocentrism?

Occurs in preoperational stage at age 2-7. Child can only perceive from their perspective

What did Vygotsky believe about development?

He believed that development occurred through social interaction

What are the 4 areas of Vygotsky's theory

1. importance of social interaction 2. importance of learning from others 3. learning scripts for activities in the world 4. Zone of proximal development

an area of learning where it is a bit too hard for the child but they can do it with help. What does this describe

zone of proximal development?

What is attachment?

A strong emotional bond between child and caregiver

What are Bowlby's 3 phases?

1. Indiscriminate attachment - don't care 2. Discriminate attachment - family 3. Specific attachment - mum

What did Mary Ainsworth develop?

The strange situation

What were Mary Ainsworth's 4 attachment styles?

1. secure 60% 2. avoidant/rejecting 25% 3. Ambivalent 10% 4. Disorganised less than 10%

What are 4 styles of parenting?

1. Authoritative - demand, care, good com 2. Authoritarian - power without warmth 3. Indulgent - warm but lax with limits 4. Neglectful - uninvolved with child

What are the 3 main levels in Kohlberg's moral reasoning?

Preconventional - anticipate punish/reward Conventional - conform to social values Post conventional - principles/value system

The optimal tie frame for certain experiences

Sensitive period

Piaget's stage theory - development is

Discontinuous

child's parent dies is considered

a non-normative event

a limited time period for certain experiences

critical period

IQ is a result of

environment & genetic

Hereditary creates

predispostions

The Environment does what to predispositions

Influences how they develop

Little babies haven't developed the concept of

object permanence

Order of Piaget's stages

Sen, pre, con, form

different shaped containers can hold the same about. What does this describe

conservation

child thinks everyone see's from the same perspective. What is this?

egocentrism

Incorporating schemas into existing schemas is called

Assimilation

Changing schema to accommodate new ideas is

accommodation

To think and solve in the abstract is what stage

Formal operational

What are the 2 limiting factors in development

Biology - can't toilet train before nerves | Environment - malnutrition stunts growth

Child grasps concept of conservation and serial ordering. What stage is this

concrete operational stage

What are 4 issues with Piaget's theory

1. many cognitive skills are acquired earlier than he thought 2. uneven cog develop challenges the stage theory 3. culture influences cog development 4. cog develop more complex & variable than Piaget thought

Support provided to a child by an adult within the zone is known as

scaffolding

gradual continuous cognitive development is know as what approach

Information processing

brain processing speed changes dramatically at what age

8 - 12 years

an awareness of your own cognitive processes is called?

Metacognitition

When infants gaze longer at an impossible event than at a possible event. What is this experiment called?

Violation of expectation

The ability to understand other people's mental states is called what?

Theory of mind. child choc in box, mother puts in bag. ask 3 yr olds where child will look for choc, they will say in bag even though child didn't see this happen. 5 yr old will say box

What other 4 skills besides emotional competence does a child need for social development

1. initiating social contact 2. sharing 3. resolving coflict 4. helping others

a biologically based style of reacting emotionally and behaviourally to the environment. What does this describe

Temperament

What are 3 categories of temperament

Easy Difficult Slow to warm up

To refrain from acting in destructive, antisocial ways without being monitored is called what?

a conscience

What 3 things are linked to a child's moral thinking?

1. emotional development 2 attachment 3. temperament

ways in which adolescent brains differ from each other is called what?

heterogeneity

what age do physical capacities decline even if they are not noticed?

mid-thirties

what kind of metabolism slows causing weight gain

basal metabolism

a self-absorbed and distorted view of one's uniqueness and importance. what does this describe?

adolescent egocentrism

What kind of intelligence does not decline until late adulthood?

Crystallised intelligence

labeling old people as wise or senile is a form of what?

Stereotyping

gradual progressive irreversible brain impairment refers to what?

dementia

Dementia after the age of 65 is called what?

Senile dementia

the gradual onset of progressive irreversible impairment of brain functions. What does this describe?

Dementia

What are the 6 main causes of dementia?

1. Alzheimer's disease 2. Parkinson's disease 3. Huntington's disease 4. Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease 5. high blood pressure complications 6. Stroke

What can lower the risk of Alzheimer's disease?

Frequent engagement in stimulating cognitive activity and moderate physical exercise