Development Psychology Flashcards
What are the 5 issues of Developmental Psychology?
Nature V Nurture Sensitive V Critical Stability V Change Continuity V Discontinuity Normative V Non normative
What are the 3 main types of research?
Cross Sectional
Longitudinal
Sequential
Inherited Biological characteristics Physical Psychosocial Sociocultural environment The interaction of the above 4 describe what?
Physical & psychological development over lifespan as per Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory of development
Continuity Change Growth Decline What do the above 4 describe?
the impact of physical development on psychological functioning
Stable caregivers & secure loving relationships. What does this describe
Optimal development conditions
What impacts emotional & social development?
Lack of love and stable carers
What are the 4 exceptions to development when stable caregiving has not been received?
Individual differences
Protective factors
Life experience
Resilience
What are Erikson’s 8 stages of psychosocial development?
Trust V Mistrust Autonomy V Shame & doubt Initiative V Guilt Industry V Inferiority Identity V role confusion Intimacy & Isolation Generativity & Stagnation Integrity V Despair
Why is developmental psych so important?
- So parents & professionals can work with kids of different ages
- Can understand when things go wrong
- Understand what impacts development so can assist
What is Development psychology?
To understand how & why people change & remain the same over time
What are the 3 areas of developmental psychology?
Physical
Cognitive
Social
Who demonstrated the Ecological Systems theory?
Bronfenbrenner
What are the 6 areas of Bronfenbrenner’s theory?
Individual Microsystem Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem Chronosystem
Describe Microsystem?
Closest to individual. includes family, friends and teachers
Describe Mesosystem?
relationship between micros eg. home & work
Describe Exosystem?
environmental impacts without them playing a role e.g., work policies
Describe Macrosystem?
Outer environment e.g., laws & cultural values
Describe Chronosystem?
Outer environment that changes over lifetime
What are critical periods of development?
An age range where certain experiences must occur for normal development
Describe Maturation theory?
It suggests that changes follow an orderly sequence
Describe the 2 types of change
Continuous - gradual alteration of behaviour
Discontinuous - stages in a fixed sequence
Describe continuity
Strong consistencies over time in Intelligence, Personality & social skills
Why is there a strong consistency in intelligence, personality & social skills?
Because of
- Biological characteristics
- Individual shaping environment
- Cumulative effects of pos & neg experiences
What are the 2 types of differences in developmental trajectories?
Quantitative - disabled - same stage but slower
Qualitative - Autism - develop different from peers
Who developed Constructivism?
Piaget
Describe constuctivism?
Children construct schemas through engaging with the world
What are the 4 parts of Piaget’s stage model?
- Schema - patterns of thought/actions
- Assimilation - new things add to schema
- Accommodation - exist schema change 4. Disequilibrium - imbalance till Accom
What are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor - birth -2
- Preoperational - 2-7
- Concrete operational - 7-12
- Formal operational - 12 plus
What is egocentrism?
Occurs in preoperational stage at age 2-7. Child can only perceive from their perspective
What did Vygotsky believe about development?
He believed that development occurred through social interaction
What are the 4 areas of Vygotsky’s theory
- importance of social interaction
- importance of learning from others
- learning scripts for activities in the world
- Zone of proximal development
an area of learning where it is a bit too hard for the child but they can do it with help. What does this describe
zone of proximal development?
What is attachment?
A strong emotional bond between child and caregiver
What are Bowlby’s 3 phases?
- Indiscriminate attachment - don’t care
- Discriminate attachment - family
- Specific attachment - mum
What did Mary Ainsworth develop?
The strange situation
What were Mary Ainsworth’s 4 attachment styles?
- secure 60%
- avoidant/rejecting 25%
- Ambivalent 10%
- Disorganised less than 10%
What are 4 styles of parenting?
- Authoritative - demand, care, good com
- Authoritarian - power without warmth
- Indulgent - warm but lax with limits
- Neglectful - uninvolved with child
What are the 3 main levels in Kohlberg’s moral reasoning?
Preconventional - anticipate punish/reward
Conventional - conform to social values
Post conventional - principles/value system
The optimal tie frame for certain experiences
Sensitive period
Piaget’s stage theory - development is
Discontinuous
child’s parent dies is considered
a non-normative event
a limited time period for certain experiences
critical period
IQ is a result of
environment & genetic
Hereditary creates
predispostions
The Environment does what to predispositions
Influences how they develop
Little babies haven’t developed the concept of
object permanence
Order of Piaget’s stages
Sen, pre, con, form
different shaped containers can hold the same about. What does this describe
conservation
child thinks everyone see’s from the same perspective. What is this?
egocentrism
Incorporating schemas into existing schemas is called
Assimilation
Changing schema to accommodate new ideas is
accommodation
To think and solve in the abstract is what stage
Formal operational
What are the 2 limiting factors in development
Biology - can’t toilet train before nerves
Environment - malnutrition stunts growth
Child grasps concept of conservation and serial ordering. What stage is this
concrete operational stage
What are 4 issues with Piaget’s theory
- many cognitive skills are acquired earlier than he thought
- uneven cog develop challenges the stage theory
- culture influences cog development
- cog develop more complex & variable than Piaget thought
Support provided to a child by an adult within the zone is known as
scaffolding
gradual continuous cognitive development is know as what approach
Information processing
brain processing speed changes dramatically at what age
8 - 12 years
an awareness of your own cognitive processes is called?
Metacognitition
When infants gaze longer at an impossible event than at a possible event. What is this experiment called?
Violation of expectation
The ability to understand other people’s mental states is called what?
Theory of mind.
child choc in box, mother puts in bag. ask 3 yr olds where child will look for choc, they will say in bag even though child didn’t see this happen. 5 yr old will say box
What other 4 skills besides emotional competence does a child need for social development
- initiating social contact
- sharing
- resolving coflict
- helping others
a biologically based style of reacting emotionally and behaviourally to the environment. What does this describe
Temperament
What are 3 categories of temperament
Easy
Difficult
Slow to warm up
To refrain from acting in destructive, antisocial ways without being monitored is called what?
a conscience
What 3 things are linked to a child’s moral thinking?
- emotional development
2 attachment - temperament
ways in which adolescent brains differ from each other is called what?
heterogeneity
what age do physical capacities decline even if they are not noticed?
mid-thirties
what kind of metabolism slows causing weight gain
basal metabolism
a self-absorbed and distorted view of one’s uniqueness and importance. what does this describe?
adolescent egocentrism
What kind of intelligence does not decline until late adulthood?
Crystallised intelligence
labeling old people as wise or senile is a form of what?
Stereotyping
gradual progressive irreversible brain impairment refers to what?
dementia
Dementia after the age of 65 is called what?
Senile dementia
the gradual onset of progressive irreversible impairment of brain functions. What does this describe?
Dementia
What are the 6 main causes of dementia?
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Parkinson’s disease
- Huntington’s disease
- Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease
- high blood pressure complications
- Stroke
What can lower the risk of Alzheimer’s disease?
Frequent engagement in stimulating cognitive activity and moderate physical exercise
