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Introduction to Psychology > Development Psychology > Flashcards

Development Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 issues of Developmental Psychology?

A 
Nature V Nurture
Sensitive V Critical
Stability V Change
Continuity V Discontinuity
Normative V Non normative
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2
Q

What are the 3 main types of research?

A

Cross Sectional
Longitudinal
Sequential

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3
Q 
Inherited Biological characteristics
Physical
Psychosocial
Sociocultural environment
The interaction of the above 4 describe what?
A

Physical & psychological development over lifespan as per Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory of development

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4
Q 
Continuity
Change
Growth
Decline
What do the above 4 describe?
A

the impact of physical development on psychological functioning

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5
Q

Stable caregivers & secure loving relationships. What does this describe

A

Optimal development conditions

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6
Q

What impacts emotional & social development?

A

Lack of love and stable carers

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7
Q

What are the 4 exceptions to development when stable caregiving has not been received?

A

Individual differences
Protective factors
Life experience
Resilience

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8
Q

What are Erikson’s 8 stages of psychosocial development?

A 
Trust V Mistrust
Autonomy V Shame & doubt
Initiative V Guilt
Industry V Inferiority
Identity V role confusion
Intimacy & Isolation
Generativity & Stagnation
Integrity V Despair
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9
Q

Why is developmental psych so important?

A
  1. So parents & professionals can work with kids of different ages
  2. Can understand when things go wrong
  3. Understand what impacts development so can assist
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10
Q

What is Development psychology?

A

To understand how & why people change & remain the same over time

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11
Q

What are the 3 areas of developmental psychology?

A

Physical
Cognitive
Social

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12
Q

Who demonstrated the Ecological Systems theory?

A

Bronfenbrenner

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13
Q

What are the 6 areas of Bronfenbrenner’s theory?

A 
Individual
Microsystem
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
Chronosystem
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14
Q

Describe Microsystem?

A

Closest to individual. includes family, friends and teachers

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15
Q

Describe Mesosystem?

A

relationship between micros eg. home & work

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16
Q

Describe Exosystem?

A

environmental impacts without them playing a role e.g., work policies

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17
Q

Describe Macrosystem?

A

Outer environment e.g., laws & cultural values

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18
Q

Describe Chronosystem?

A

Outer environment that changes over lifetime

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19
Q

What are critical periods of development?

A

An age range where certain experiences must occur for normal development

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20
Q

Describe Maturation theory?

A

It suggests that changes follow an orderly sequence

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21
Q

Describe the 2 types of change

A

Continuous - gradual alteration of behaviour

Discontinuous - stages in a fixed sequence

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22
Q

Describe continuity

A

Strong consistencies over time in Intelligence, Personality & social skills

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23
Q

Why is there a strong consistency in intelligence, personality & social skills?

A

Because of

  1. Biological characteristics
  2. Individual shaping environment
  3. Cumulative effects of pos & neg experiences
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24
Q

What are the 2 types of differences in developmental trajectories?

A

Quantitative - disabled - same stage but slower

Qualitative - Autism - develop different from peers

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25
Q

Who developed Constructivism?

A

Piaget

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26
Q

Describe constuctivism?

A

Children construct schemas through engaging with the world

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27
Q

What are the 4 parts of Piaget’s stage model?

A
  1. Schema - patterns of thought/actions
  2. Assimilation - new things add to schema
  3. Accommodation - exist schema change 4. Disequilibrium - imbalance till Accom
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28
Q

What are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor - birth -2
  2. Preoperational - 2-7
  3. Concrete operational - 7-12
  4. Formal operational - 12 plus
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29
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

Occurs in preoperational stage at age 2-7. Child can only perceive from their perspective

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30
Q

What did Vygotsky believe about development?

A

He believed that development occurred through social interaction

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31
Q

What are the 4 areas of Vygotsky’s theory

A
  1. importance of social interaction
  2. importance of learning from others
  3. learning scripts for activities in the world
  4. Zone of proximal development
32
Q

an area of learning where it is a bit too hard for the child but they can do it with help. What does this describe

A

zone of proximal development?

33
Q

What is attachment?

A

A strong emotional bond between child and caregiver

34
Q

What are Bowlby’s 3 phases?

A
  1. Indiscriminate attachment - don’t care
  2. Discriminate attachment - family
  3. Specific attachment - mum
35
Q

What did Mary Ainsworth develop?

A

The strange situation

36
Q

What were Mary Ainsworth’s 4 attachment styles?

A
  1. secure 60%
  2. avoidant/rejecting 25%
  3. Ambivalent 10%
  4. Disorganised less than 10%
37
Q

What are 4 styles of parenting?

A
  1. Authoritative - demand, care, good com
  2. Authoritarian - power without warmth
  3. Indulgent - warm but lax with limits
  4. Neglectful - uninvolved with child
38
Q

What are the 3 main levels in Kohlberg’s moral reasoning?

A

Preconventional - anticipate punish/reward
Conventional - conform to social values
Post conventional - principles/value system

39
Q

The optimal tie frame for certain experiences

A

Sensitive period

40
Q

Piaget’s stage theory - development is

A

Discontinuous

41
Q

child’s parent dies is considered

A

a non-normative event

42
Q

a limited time period for certain experiences

A

critical period

43
Q

IQ is a result of

A

environment & genetic

44
Q

Hereditary creates

A

predispostions

45
Q

The Environment does what to predispositions

A

Influences how they develop

46
Q

Little babies haven’t developed the concept of

A

object permanence

47
Q

Order of Piaget’s stages

A

Sen, pre, con, form

48
Q

different shaped containers can hold the same about. What does this describe

A

conservation

49
Q

child thinks everyone see’s from the same perspective. What is this?

A

egocentrism

50
Q

Incorporating schemas into existing schemas is called

A

Assimilation

51
Q

Changing schema to accommodate new ideas is

A

accommodation

52
Q

To think and solve in the abstract is what stage

A

Formal operational

53
Q

What are the 2 limiting factors in development

A

Biology - can’t toilet train before nerves

Environment - malnutrition stunts growth

54
Q

Child grasps concept of conservation and serial ordering. What stage is this

A

concrete operational stage

55
Q

What are 4 issues with Piaget’s theory

A
  1. many cognitive skills are acquired earlier than he thought
  2. uneven cog develop challenges the stage theory
  3. culture influences cog development
  4. cog develop more complex & variable than Piaget thought
56
Q

Support provided to a child by an adult within the zone is known as

A

scaffolding

57
Q

gradual continuous cognitive development is know as what approach

A

Information processing

58
Q

brain processing speed changes dramatically at what age

A

8 - 12 years

59
Q

an awareness of your own cognitive processes is called?

A

Metacognitition

60
Q

When infants gaze longer at an impossible event than at a possible event. What is this experiment called?

A

Violation of expectation

61
Q

The ability to understand other people’s mental states is called what?

A

Theory of mind.
child choc in box, mother puts in bag. ask 3 yr olds where child will look for choc, they will say in bag even though child didn’t see this happen. 5 yr old will say box

62
Q

What other 4 skills besides emotional competence does a child need for social development

A
  1. initiating social contact
  2. sharing
  3. resolving coflict
  4. helping others
63
Q

a biologically based style of reacting emotionally and behaviourally to the environment. What does this describe

A

Temperament

64
Q

What are 3 categories of temperament

A

Easy
Difficult
Slow to warm up

65
Q

To refrain from acting in destructive, antisocial ways without being monitored is called what?

A

a conscience

66
Q

What 3 things are linked to a child’s moral thinking?

A
  1. emotional development
    2 attachment
  2. temperament
67
Q

ways in which adolescent brains differ from each other is called what?

A

heterogeneity

68
Q

what age do physical capacities decline even if they are not noticed?

A

mid-thirties

69
Q

what kind of metabolism slows causing weight gain

A

basal metabolism

70
Q

a self-absorbed and distorted view of one’s uniqueness and importance. what does this describe?

A

adolescent egocentrism

71
Q

What kind of intelligence does not decline until late adulthood?

A

Crystallised intelligence

72
Q

labeling old people as wise or senile is a form of what?

A

Stereotyping

73
Q

gradual progressive irreversible brain impairment refers to what?

A

dementia

74
Q

Dementia after the age of 65 is called what?

A

Senile dementia

75
Q

the gradual onset of progressive irreversible impairment of brain functions. What does this describe?

A

Dementia

76
Q

What are the 6 main causes of dementia?

A
  1. Alzheimer’s disease
  2. Parkinson’s disease
  3. Huntington’s disease
  4. Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease
  5. high blood pressure complications
  6. Stroke
77
Q

What can lower the risk of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Frequent engagement in stimulating cognitive activity and moderate physical exercise

Introduction to Psychology (7 decks)

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