personalitatea conceptii

Question 1

what is the heritability of personality

Answer 1

35-50% heritable

50% affected by interaction with environment

Question 2

when do people change the most

Answer 2

in their adulthood
and we can change personality traits if we want to

Question 3

what is personality

Answer 3

individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving

Question 4

what do idiographic paradigms measure

Answer 4

every individual is unique
case studies
emphasises unique nature of life experiences

different vectors to account for each person’s individuality

Question 5

what are nomothetic paradigms assuming

Answer 5

every individual is in some things like everybody else

establishing general laws concerning behaviour that apply to everyone

Question 6

what are the 3 ways to describe personality

Answer 6

types
traits
factors

Question 7

what is type

Answer 7

classification of different types of individuals

splitting people into various groups and people will belong in a group or other

emphasises qualitative differences between people

introvert or extrovert

Question 8

what are the different personality types

Answer 8

classification of types of temperament

assumed biological differences would cause behavioural differences

biological differences in level of specific fluids in the body (humours)

1. choleric - yellow bile, irritable, temperamental
2. melancholic - black bile, depressed
3. sanguine - blood, optimistic
4. phlegmatic - phlegm, calm, unemotional

Question 9

what is trait

Answer 9

characteristics related to specific behaviours

a trait is a personality characteristic that makes 1 person different from the other

a person is given a numeric score to indicate how much of a particular trait this person possesses

emphasises quantitative differences between people

Question 10

what is structure

Answer 10

patterns of relationships between personality elements

Question 11

what are humours and temperament

Question 12

what is physiognomy

Answer 12

associating people’s looks with their character
e.g. nose shape

putting accent on physically and biologically distinctive categories that are reflected in personality/ trait differences between groups of ppl

Question 13

can AI predict personality traits from faces

Answer 13

yes
the highest correlations between predicted and observed personality scores were found in conscientiousness

Question 14

what is phrenology

Answer 14

brain is organ with multiple, distinct faculties

by feeling shape, bumps and size of skull, we can determine an individual’s psychological attributes

Question 15

what is the biological personality traits theory

Answer 15

people inherit a type of nervous system that affects their ability to learn and adapt to the environment

personality is a hierarchy of traits

higher order supertraits determine specific traits which determine behavioural habits which determine specific behaviour

personality is genetically determined, innate and stable

Question 16

according to the biological personality traits theory, what is introversion, neuroticism and psychoticism due to

Answer 16

introversion - over active nervous system

neuroticism / stability - reactivity / sensitivity of nervous system

psychoticism / normality - testosterone level/emotionality

Question 17

what is the gigantic 3

Answer 17

personality can be described by these 3 independent dimensions

neuroticism
extraversion
psychoticism

Question 18

what is neuroticism

Answer 18

high: anxious, moody, shy, depressed

low: stable, positive, calm, confident

Question 19

what is extraversion

Answer 19

high: energetic, sociable

low: antisocial, introspective, reflective

Question 20

what is psychoticism

Answer 20

high: unempathic, creative, aggressive, impulsive

low: patient, friendly, organised, rational, altruistic

Question 21

what is the lexical hypothesis

Answer 21

characteristics that matter will enter the language and will be represented by a single word

lexical methods of personality are the result of statistical (factor analysis) - reducing no. of variables

Question 22

what are the 16 major dimensions of personality Cattell

Answer 22

derived from a systematic analysis of the english language

there is a factor: A-E G-I L-O and Q1-Q4
there is dimension: warmth, reasoning, emotional stability etc

Question 23

what is the big 5

Answer 23

trait theory of personality posits that there are 5 major and universal factors

Question 24

what is openness to experience

Answer 24

willingness to try new things, be vulnerable, and ability to think outside the box

low: prefer routine over variety, stick to what u know

Question 25

what is conscientiousness

Answer 25

ability to control impulses and act in socially acceptable ways, to delay gratification, work within rules, organise and plan

persistent, ambitious, self-disciplined

high: likely to be successful, excel in leadership positions

low: more likely to procrastinate, be impulsive

Question 26

what is extraversion

Answer 26

sociable, assertive, outgoing, energetic, seek social interactions

low: quiet, introspective, reserved

Question 27

what is agreeablness

Answer 27

orientation to others - how well you get on with others

altruistic, trusting, modest, humble, patient, kind, loyal, helpful

high: tend to be well-liked, respected and sensitive to others’ needs, sympathetic

low: less likely to be trusted and liked, tend to be blunt, rude, ill-tempered, sarcastic

Question 28

what is neuroticism

Answer 28

awkward, pessimistic, moody, jealous, nervous, fearful, anxious, timid, unconfident

high: given to anxiety, sadness, low self-esteem, self-conscious

low: more likely to feel confident, sure of themselves, and adventurous

Question 29

what is HEXACO

Answer 29

H honesty-humility
E emotionality
X extraversion
A agreeableness
C conscientiousness
O oppeness

Question 30

what are the correlations between big 5 and other variables

Answer 30

conscientiousness predicts good grades

low agreeableness predicts competitive behaviour

extraversion predicts risk seeking

neuroticism predicts mental health problems

extraversion and openness to experience predict creativity

conscientiousness, agreeableness and low neuroticism predict happiness

Question 31

how have character traits evolved into the development of personality types

Answer 31

using big 5 character traits, there are four personality types

average
reserved
role models
self-centred

Question 32

what is average

Answer 32

most common, high in neuroticism and extraversion,

low in openness

Question 33

what is reserved

Answer 33

YES emotionally stable
NO open
NO neurotic
NO extraverted

SOMEWHAT agreeable and conscientious

Question 34

what is role models

Answer 34

low in neuroticism
high in all the other

good leaders

Question 35

what is self-centered

Answer 35

YES: extraversion

below average in openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness

Question 36

is the big 5 cross cultural

Answer 36

first test of the five-factor model in a largely illiterate, indigenous society
Bolivia completed a translation of the 44-item Big five

failed to find robust support for the five factor model

so not cross culturally universal