personalitatea conceptii Flashcards
what is the heritability of personality
35-50% heritable
50% affected by interaction with environment
when do people change the most
in their adulthood
and we can change personality traits if we want to
what is personality
individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving
what do idiographic paradigms measure
every individual is unique
case studies
emphasises unique nature of life experiences
different vectors to account for each person’s individuality
what are nomothetic paradigms assuming
every individual is in some things like everybody else
establishing general laws concerning behaviour that apply to everyone
what are the 3 ways to describe personality
types
traits
factors
what is type
classification of different types of individuals
splitting people into various groups and people will belong in a group or other
emphasises qualitative differences between people
introvert or extrovert
what are the different personality types
classification of types of temperament
assumed biological differences would cause behavioural differences
biological differences in level of specific fluids in the body (humours)
- choleric - yellow bile, irritable, temperamental
- melancholic - black bile, depressed
- sanguine - blood, optimistic
- phlegmatic - phlegm, calm, unemotional
what is trait
characteristics related to specific behaviours
a trait is a personality characteristic that makes 1 person different from the other
a person is given a numeric score to indicate how much of a particular trait this person possesses
emphasises quantitative differences between people
what is structure
patterns of relationships between personality elements
what are humours and temperament
what is physiognomy
associating people’s looks with their character
e.g. nose shape
putting accent on physically and biologically distinctive categories that are reflected in personality/ trait differences between groups of ppl
can AI predict personality traits from faces
yes
the highest correlations between predicted and observed personality scores were found in conscientiousness
what is phrenology
brain is organ with multiple, distinct faculties
by feeling shape, bumps and size of skull, we can determine an individual’s psychological attributes
what is the biological personality traits theory
people inherit a type of nervous system that affects their ability to learn and adapt to the environment
personality is a hierarchy of traits
higher order supertraits determine specific traits which determine behavioural habits which determine specific behaviour
personality is genetically determined, innate and stable
according to the biological personality traits theory, what is introversion, neuroticism and psychoticism due to
introversion - over active nervous system
neuroticism / stability - reactivity / sensitivity of nervous system
psychoticism / normality - testosterone level/emotionality
what is the gigantic 3
personality can be described by these 3 independent dimensions
neuroticism
extraversion
psychoticism
what is neuroticism
high: anxious, moody, shy, depressed
low: stable, positive, calm, confident
what is extraversion
high: energetic, sociable
low: antisocial, introspective, reflective
what is psychoticism
high: unempathic, creative, aggressive, impulsive
low: patient, friendly, organised, rational, altruistic
what is the lexical hypothesis
characteristics that matter will enter the language and will be represented by a single word
lexical methods of personality are the result of statistical (factor analysis) - reducing no. of variables
what are the 16 major dimensions of personality Cattell
derived from a systematic analysis of the english language
there is a factor: A-E G-I L-O and Q1-Q4
there is dimension: warmth, reasoning, emotional stability etc
what is the big 5
trait theory of personality posits that there are 5 major and universal factors
what is openness to experience
willingness to try new things, be vulnerable, and ability to think outside the box
low: prefer routine over variety, stick to what u know
what is conscientiousness
ability to control impulses and act in socially acceptable ways, to delay gratification, work within rules, organise and plan
persistent, ambitious, self-disciplined
high: likely to be successful, excel in leadership positions
low: more likely to procrastinate, be impulsive
what is extraversion
sociable, assertive, outgoing, energetic, seek social interactions
low: quiet, introspective, reserved
what is agreeablness
orientation to others - how well you get on with others
altruistic, trusting, modest, humble, patient, kind, loyal, helpful
high: tend to be well-liked, respected and sensitive to others’ needs, sympathetic
low: less likely to be trusted and liked, tend to be blunt, rude, ill-tempered, sarcastic
what is neuroticism
awkward, pessimistic, moody, jealous, nervous, fearful, anxious, timid, unconfident
high: given to anxiety, sadness, low self-esteem, self-conscious
low: more likely to feel confident, sure of themselves, and adventurous
what is HEXACO
H honesty-humility
E emotionality
X extraversion
A agreeableness
C conscientiousness
O oppeness
what are the correlations between big 5 and other variables
conscientiousness predicts good grades
low agreeableness predicts competitive behaviour
extraversion predicts risk seeking
neuroticism predicts mental health problems
extraversion and openness to experience predict creativity
conscientiousness, agreeableness and low neuroticism predict happiness
how have character traits evolved into the development of personality types
using big 5 character traits, there are four personality types
average
reserved
role models
self-centred
what is average
most common, high in neuroticism and extraversion,
low in openness
what is reserved
YES emotionally stable
NO open
NO neurotic
NO extraverted
SOMEWHAT agreeable and conscientious
what is role models
low in neuroticism
high in all the other
good leaders
what is self-centered
YES: extraversion
below average in openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness
is the big 5 cross cultural
first test of the five-factor model in a largely illiterate, indigenous society
Bolivia completed a translation of the 44-item Big five
failed to find robust support for the five factor model
so not cross culturally universal
