diferente individuale in culturi Flashcards
Why do we study cross cultural psychology
to see what is universal vs what is influenced by culture
what is universalism
psychological functions and processes common to humankind
what is relativism
psychological functions unique to specific cultural groups
what is an example of when relativism is used
colour categorisation as set by culture, influences the colour perception
what is culture
we used culture to describe and explain a broad range of activities, behaviours, events
- general characteristics like food clothing housing economy transportation
what is the difference between society and culture
society is a system of interrelationships among ppl
- both human and animals have society
culture embodies meanings and information associated with social networks
- humans give social groups unique meaning
- non-humans don’t have human culture associated with social groups
what is individualism
emphasis on personal attributes goals and achievements
what is collectivism
identity is strongly linked to ties with family and other social groups
social cohesion
what is WEIRD sample
WEIRD stands for
western,
educated,
industrialised,
rich,
democratic
what is the problem with weird research
from 2003 to 2007, 93% of the studies in the top 6 psychological journals used only westerners
nearly 70% of the studies used samples from only 12% of the world’s population
so some of the most fundamental understanding of the human condition emerges from the western understanding of what is considered healthy, normal, and acceptable
what are the cultural differences influencing personality
18% of US adolescents compared with 84% of Japanese adolescents agreed that they were ordinary
what are the cultural differences influencing intelligence
western notions about intelligence are not shared by other cultures
Western emphasis on speed of mental processing is not universally shared
some cultures may even be suspicious of the quality of work that is done very quickly
What is the difference between culture and personality
culture:
- group level construct
social psychological framework within which individuals reside
- shared among individuals and transmitted across generations
- stable across individuals
personality:
- individual differences that exist among individuals within groups
- unique traits
- not shared among individuals
- different across individuals
What is Big 5?
OCEAN
Commonly used in psychological research
Enables comparisons between the samples
Valid and reliable
what are problems with assessing personality in other cultures using the big 5?
Does big 5 have universal validity because it was based on terms encoded in English
Are these characteristics some that reflect other cultures
Are there differences in score levels across cultures?
If structure is not valid across the samples, then any comparison is not meaningful
What is the evidence that big 5 is universal
Personality trait structure is a human universal
big 5 personality traits are biologically influenced and independent of culture
replicated in many samples
What are the comparison of nationalities in big 5
according to self reported means
Spaniards - most neurotic - maybe they have more words to refer to neuroticism
Norwegians - most extraverted
Japanese - least conscientious
austrian - most open
Malaysian - most agreeable
what is the problem with this
items need to be interpreted in the same way by people from all cultures
do people respond to items in the same way
different cultures compare themselves to different standards when making ratings
is the big 5 really universal
most studies have been done on urban populations
in indigenous society, researchers failed to find robust support for the ocean 5
What’s intelligence like cross culturally
there’s groups difference in intelligence
genes do not determine the level of intelligence
race is not a genetic construct
Porteus 1937 collected data on cognitive tests in various regions of the world
San people in the Kalahari desert had the lowest intelligence
what did porteus assume
intelligence was measured by the tests in precisely the same way across cultures
scores on the tests allowed inferences about the level of innate intelligence of the participants
now we know that’s wrong
what do we now know about intelligence
the conceptualisation, assessment, and development of intelligence cannot be fully or even meaningfully understood outside their cultural context
Distinguishing culture-level and individual-level variance
it is inappropriate to draw conclusions about within-culture relationships from between-culture analyses
