diferente individuale in culturi

Question 1

Why do we study cross cultural psychology

Answer 1

to see what is universal vs what is influenced by culture

Question 2

what is universalism

Answer 2

psychological functions and processes common to humankind

Question 3

what is relativism

Answer 3

psychological functions unique to specific cultural groups

Question 4

what is an example of when relativism is used

Answer 4

colour categorisation as set by culture, influences the colour perception

Question 5

what is culture

Answer 5

we used culture to describe and explain a broad range of activities, behaviours, events

• general characteristics like food clothing housing economy transportation

Question 6

what is the difference between society and culture

Answer 6

society is a system of interrelationships among ppl
- both human and animals have society

culture embodies meanings and information associated with social networks
- humans give social groups unique meaning
- non-humans don’t have human culture associated with social groups

Question 7

what is individualism

Answer 7

emphasis on personal attributes goals and achievements

Question 8

what is collectivism

Answer 8

identity is strongly linked to ties with family and other social groups
social cohesion

Question 9

what is WEIRD sample

Answer 9

WEIRD stands for
western,
educated,
industrialised,
rich,
democratic

Question 10

what is the problem with weird research

Answer 10

from 2003 to 2007, 93% of the studies in the top 6 psychological journals used only westerners

nearly 70% of the studies used samples from only 12% of the world’s population

so some of the most fundamental understanding of the human condition emerges from the western understanding of what is considered healthy, normal, and acceptable

Question 11

what are the cultural differences influencing personality

Answer 11

18% of US adolescents compared with 84% of Japanese adolescents agreed that they were ordinary

Question 12

what are the cultural differences influencing intelligence

Answer 12

western notions about intelligence are not shared by other cultures

Western emphasis on speed of mental processing is not universally shared

some cultures may even be suspicious of the quality of work that is done very quickly

Question 13

What is the difference between culture and personality

Answer 13

culture:
- group level construct
social psychological framework within which individuals reside
- shared among individuals and transmitted across generations
- stable across individuals

personality:
- individual differences that exist among individuals within groups
- unique traits
- not shared among individuals
- different across individuals

Question 14

What is Big 5?

Answer 14

OCEAN
Commonly used in psychological research

Enables comparisons between the samples
Valid and reliable

Question 15

what are problems with assessing personality in other cultures using the big 5?

Answer 15

Does big 5 have universal validity because it was based on terms encoded in English
Are these characteristics some that reflect other cultures

Are there differences in score levels across cultures?

If structure is not valid across the samples, then any comparison is not meaningful

Question 16

What is the evidence that big 5 is universal

Answer 16

Personality trait structure is a human universal

big 5 personality traits are biologically influenced and independent of culture
replicated in many samples

Question 17

What are the comparison of nationalities in big 5

Answer 17

according to self reported means

Spaniards - most neurotic - maybe they have more words to refer to neuroticism

Norwegians - most extraverted

Japanese - least conscientious

austrian - most open

Malaysian - most agreeable

Question 18

what is the problem with this

Answer 18

items need to be interpreted in the same way by people from all cultures

do people respond to items in the same way

different cultures compare themselves to different standards when making ratings

Question 19

is the big 5 really universal

Answer 19

most studies have been done on urban populations

in indigenous society, researchers failed to find robust support for the ocean 5

Question 20

What’s intelligence like cross culturally

Answer 20

there’s groups difference in intelligence

genes do not determine the level of intelligence

race is not a genetic construct

Answer 21

Porteus 1937 collected data on cognitive tests in various regions of the world

San people in the Kalahari desert had the lowest intelligence

Question 22

what did porteus assume

Answer 22

intelligence was measured by the tests in precisely the same way across cultures

scores on the tests allowed inferences about the level of innate intelligence of the participants

now we know that’s wrong

Question 23

what do we now know about intelligence

Answer 23

the conceptualisation, assessment, and development of intelligence cannot be fully or even meaningfully understood outside their cultural context

Question 24

Distinguishing culture-level and individual-level variance

Answer 24

it is inappropriate to draw conclusions about within-culture relationships from between-culture analyses