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Neuro > Peripheral Structures of the Somatosensory System N18 > Flashcards

Peripheral Structures of the Somatosensory System N18 Flashcards

1
Q

Somatosensory function

A

receive, process, and relay sensory information from the skin, muscles, and joints to the cerebral cortex for CONSCIOUS appreciation of the information

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2
Q

Some neural systems involve UNCONSCIOUS sensory processing

A

these involve the cerebellum

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3
Q

Discriminative touch recognizes:

A

size, shape, and texture of objects and their movement across the skin

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4
Q

Discriminative touch is greatest:

A

tactile sensitivity is greatest on hairless skin of fingers, palms, sole of feet, and lips

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5
Q

Proprioception

A

Sense of static position and movement of the limbs and body

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6
Q

Temperature sense

A

warmth and cold perception

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7
Q

Nociception

A

perceived as pain or itch, tissue damage or chemical irritant, NOT overstimulation of generalized cutaneous receptors but stimulation of certain nociceptors

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8
Q

Epicritic sensations involve

A

fine aspects of touch (highly localized and discriminative), mediated by encapsulated receptors (specialized function in the dermis and epidermis)

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9
Q

Epicritic sensations include

A

detection and localization of gentle skin contact, vibration frequency and amplitude, touch spatial detail (texture, distance between two simultaneous stimuli), recognition of grasped object

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10
Q

Protopathic sensations involve

A

pain, temperature, tickle, itch

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11
Q

Protopathic sensations include

A

crude, more intense stimuli, poorly localized, non-discriminative; mediated by free nerve ending receptors

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12
Q

Enteroceptors

A

conscious appreciation of sensations from external stimuli to our body

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13
Q

Proprioceptors

A

receive information about the relative position of our body in space (kinesthesia: movement sense)

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14
Q

Conscious proprioception is relayed to

A

cerebral cortex

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15
Q

Unconscious proprioception is relayed to

A

cerebellum

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16
Q

Interoceptors

A

processing of visceral information

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17
Q

Mechanoreceptors function

A

respond to mechanical deformation

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18
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Meissner’s Corpuscle (S), Merkel’s disc (S), Pacinian Corpuscle (D), Ruffini ending (D)

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19
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscle

A

SUPERFICIAL - surrounds flattened epithelial cells and responds to FINE mechanical sensitivity

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20
Q

Merkel Disc

A

SUPERFICIAL - center of papillary ridge surrounded by epithelial cells, signals PRESSURE and SHAPE of objects

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21
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle

A

DEEP - CT lamellae surround nerve ending, responds to VIBRATORY stimuli

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22
Q

Ruffini Ending

A

DEEP - links subcutaneous to folds in skin, senses LATERAL movement and STRETCH of skin, and perception of SHAPE of grasped objects

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23
Q

Proprioreceptors

A

Change in position and movement

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24
Q

Proprioreceptors include

A

cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Ruffini Endings), joint receptors, muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs

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25
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

detect change in temperature and pain, only within a narrow temperature range (separate distinct receptors for warm and cold)

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26
Q

Once outside of the narrow temperature range for thermoreceptors, what receptors detect temperature?

A

Thermal nociceptors

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27
Q

Nociceptors

A

respond to stimuli that could damage tissue (3 classes)

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28
Q

3 classes of nociceptors

A

Mechanical: intense pressure applied to skin
Thermal: extreme temperatures
Polymodal: respond to a wide range of stimuli

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29
Q

Encapsulated receptors

A

surrounded by CT wrappings

30
Q

Nonencapsulated receptors

A

not associated with CT wrapping

31
Q

Examples of encapsulated receptors

A

Pacinian Corpuscle, Meissner’s corpuscle, ruffini ending

32
Q

Examples of non encapsulated receptors

A

endings around hairs, Merkel endings, free nerve ending

33
Q

Receptive field

A

area of skin that when stimulated activates a particular neuron (can be small or large area)

34
Q

Fine touch receptive fields

A

small receptive fields, more axons/more neurons

35
Q

Crude touch receptive fields

A

large receptive fields, fewer neurons

36
Q

Acuity definition

A

precision with which we can locate the site of stimulus

37
Q

Acuity depends on 4 things:

A

size of receptive field, receptor density, receptor field overlap, convergence of neuronal input

38
Q

2-point discrimination definition

A

minimum distance by which two stimuli can be separated and still perceived as separate

39
Q

2-point discrimination depends on:

A

size of receptor field, density of receptors (fingertips 2mm, lips and tongue 5-8mm)
[arms 50mm]

40
Q

Dermatome

A

area of the body innervated by one spinal nerve/segment

41
Q

Dermatome overlap

A

dermatomes overlap with the 2 adjacent dermatomes (each nerve innervates a portion of 3 dermatomes)

42
Q

Lesion to dorsal roots/nerves

A

3 consecutive nerves must be lesioned to observe sensory loss due to the overlap

43
Q

Peripheral nerve processes vary by

A

axonal size and degree of myelination

44
Q

The size principle states

A

larger axons conduct faster

45
Q

Degree of myelinization conforms to the Size principle

A

larger axons = more myelinization = fast conduction

small axons = less myelinization = slow conduction

46
Q

Ia

A

large, myelinated, fast conduction

47
Q

Ib

A

large, myelinated, fast conduction

48
Q

A-alpha

A

large, myelinated, fast conduction

49
Q

II (A-beta)

A

fairly large, myelinated, fairly fast conduction

50
Q

A-gamma

A

moderate size, moderate myelin, moderate conduction

51
Q

III (A-delta)

A

fairly small, fairly unmyelinated, fairly slow conduction

52
Q

B

A

slow, small, unmyelinated

53
Q

C

A

very slow, very small, no myelinization

54
Q

Mechanoreceptors use what type of receptors

A

A-beta (II)

55
Q

Thermal receptors

A

A-delta or C

56
Q

Nociceptors

A

A-delta or C

57
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

Ia or II

58
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs

A

Ib

59
Q

Lateral Dorsal Root Entry Zone

A

small, unmyelinated axons enter here; pain, temperature, crude touch, visceral afferents; ascend or descend 1-2 segments

60
Q

Medial Dorsal Root Entry Zone

A

Large, myelinated axons enter here; highly discriminative froms of touch and proprioception (skeletal muscles and joints)

61
Q

Lissauer’s tract is associated with

A

small, unmyelinated fibers

62
Q

Substantia Gelatinosa is associated with

A

small, unmyelinated fibers

63
Q

Somatosensory pathways are typically ____ neurons

A

3

64
Q

Somatosensory pathways usually decussate at which neuron

A

2nd

65
Q

All ascending pathways except olfaction stop in the _____

A

thalamus

66
Q

Lemnisci

A

flat-bundle of ascending fibers

67
Q

Thalamic radiations

A

fibers leaving the thalamus radiate out to the cerebral cortex through the internal capsule

68
Q

Dorsal Column- Medial lemniscus

A

EPICRITIC sensations (localized, discriminative touch, conscious proprioception, vibration, 2-point discrimination)

69
Q

Anterolateral System is composed of 3 pathways

A

Spinothalamic, Spinoreticulothalamic, Spinotectal

70
Q

Anterolateral System

A

PROTOPATHIC sensations (crude touch, pain, temperature) and EPICRATIC sensations (pain and temperature)

71
Q

DC-ML decussates at the level of the

A

MEDULLA

72
Q

ALS decussates at the level of the

A

spinal segment 1-2 rostral

Neuro (23 decks)

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