N33

Question 1

3 principle elements of voluntary movement

Answer 1

location of target, movement program, execution

Question 2

2 types of movement programs in pyramidal system

Answer 2

praxic and intentional

Question 3

Praxic movement program

Answer 3

“how” of movements; cerebral cortical

Question 4

Intentional movement program

Answer 4

“when” of movements; basal ganglia and cerebellum

Question 5

Primary motor cortex location

Answer 5

precentral gyrus, brodmann’s area 4

Question 6

Primary motor cortex path

Answer 6

Layer V neurons -> corticospinal tract -> vental horn

Question 7

Primary motor cortex function

Answer 7

innervate distal musculature for high degree of control; over 1 joint; specific well-defined, simple fine distal movements

Question 8

Primary motor cortex threshold

Answer 8

Low

Question 9

Sensory input to Primary motor cortex

Answer 9

position of limb and speed of movement (from thalamus and SI)

Question 10

Premotor Cortex (PMC) location

Answer 10

superior and middle frontal gyri, Brodmann’s area 6

Question 11

Premotor Cortex (PMC) inputs

Answer 11

Mainly PMA, reciprocal connections with MI, SMA, and PMA

Question 12

Premotor Cortex (PMC) outputs

Answer 12

reticular formation and ventral horn

Question 13

Premotor Cortex (PMC) function

Answer 13

proximal and axial mm., complex planning and preparation for motor movement; integration of external stimuli into movements (visual); also coordinates movements of the limbs at more than 1 joint; large muscle groups

Question 14

Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) location

Answer 14

medial and superolateral frontal lobes; medial area 6

Question 15

Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) threshold

Answer 15

HIGH

Question 16

Supplementary Motor Area function

Answer 16

coordinate movement of both sides of the body for posture; direct action of proximal muscles and indirect on distal via SMA->MI

Question 17

SMA neurons excite

Answer 17

MI neurons to activate distal muscles

Question 18

Presupplementary cortex

Answer 18

learning of new motor sequences, SMA retains learned sequences and selects motor programs

Question 19

Posterior Parietal Motore Area (PMA) location

Answer 19

parietal lobe, areas 5,7

Question 20

Posterior Parietal Motore Area area 5 function

Answer 20

Inputs from vestibular system (orientation), PMC (motor plans), and limbic system (motivation)

Question 21

Posterior Parietal Motore Area area 7 function

Answer 21

visual and auditory inputs

Question 22

Are 5 projects to

Answer 22

area 7 and PMC, and area 7 to PMC

Question 23

Posterior Parietal Motore Area function

Answer 23

to integrate external stimuli, motivational state, and position to initiate movement

Question 24

Frontal Eye Fields location

Answer 24

posterior middle frontal gyrus, area 8

Question 25

Frontal Eye Fields function

Answer 25

initiation of eye movement (horizontally and obliquely) to contralateral side

Question 26

Primary Somatosensory cortex SI function

Answer 26

Modulates sensory input; fibers travel in corticospinal tract and end in dorsal horn; projects to MI and PMA for direct modulation

Question 27

Prefrontal cortex (PFC) connects to

Answer 27

PMC, MSA, FEF

Question 28

Prefrontal cortex (PFC) function

Answer 28

integrates sensory, motivational, and emotional states to weigh the consequences of action

Question 29

Lesion in Prefrontal cortex (PFC)

Answer 29

alterations in attention, motivation, motor behavior