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anatomy and physiology i > Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

consists of cranial and spinal nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord to all body parts

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2
Q

divisions of peripheral nervous system

A

sensory (afferent) division
motor (efferent) division

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3
Q

motor (efferent) division

A

*motor neurons activate effectors by releasing neurotransmitters
*effectors include skeletal muscle, visceral muscle, and glands

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4
Q

sensory (afferent) division

A

specialized to respond to changes in environment
*awareness of stimulus (sensation) and interpretation of meaning of stimulus (perception) occur in brain

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5
Q

general senses

A

*receptors that are widely distributed throughout the body (skin, organs, joints)
*includes tactile sensation (touch, pressure, stretch, vibration) temperature, pain, muscle sense

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6
Q

special senses

A

more specialized receptors found in places like the eyes and ears

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7
Q

major types of receptors

A

chemoreceptors
pain receptors
thermoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
proprioceptors
baroreceptors
stretch receptors
photoreceptors

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8
Q

chemoreceptors

A

*respond to changes in chemical concentrations
*sense of smell and taste
*internal chemoreceptors detect changes in concentration of oxygen, hydrogen, ions, glucose, and other chemicals in the blood

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9
Q

pain receptors

A

*respond to tissue damage
*triggered by mechanical, electrical, thermal, or chemical energy
*receptors adapt poorly, may send impulse to CNS for some time
*may exhibit referred pain-pain that seems to come from another part of body

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10
Q

fast pain fibers

A

*thin, myelinated
*conduct impulses rapidly
*associated with sharp pain
*well localized areas of the skin

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11
Q

slow pain fibers

A

*thin, unmylinated
*conducts impulses more slowly
*associated with dull aching pain
*usually visceral and difficult to pinpoint

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12
Q

thermoreceptors

A

respond to changes in temperature

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13
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

respond to mechanical forces

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14
Q

proprioceptors

A

sense change in tension of muscles and tendons

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15
Q

baroreceptors

A

detect changes in blood pressure

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16
Q

stretch receptors

A

sense degree of inflation in lungs

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17
Q

photoreceptors

A

found in eyes, respond to light

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18
Q

sensory impulses

A

*stimulation of receptor causes local change in the receptor membrane

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19
Q

sensory adaptation

A

*ability to ignore unimportant or continuous stimuli
*involves decrease response to particular stimulus from the receptor

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20
Q

exteroceptive sense

A

sense associated with body surface
touch, pressure, temperature, pain

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21
Q

interoceptive sense

A

sense associated with changes in viscera
blood pressure, stretching blood vessels

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22
Q

proprioceptive sense

A

senses associated with changes in muscle and tendons

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23
Q

touch and pressure receptors

A

receptors sensitive to mechanical forces
*nonencapsulated nerve endings
*tactile (meissners) corpuscles
*lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles

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24
Q

nonencapsulated (free) nerve endings

A

*detect touch and pressure
*common in epithelial tissues
*responsible for the sensation of itching

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25
Q

tactile (meissners) corpusle

A

*detects light touch
*abundant in hairless portion of skin
*lips, fingertips, palms

26
Q

lamellated (paninian) corpuscles

A

*detect heavy pressure
*common in deeper subcutaneous tissue, tendons, ligaments, and joints

27
Q

temperature receptors

A

warm receptors (77f-113f)
cold receptors (50f-68f)

28
Q

proprioceptors

A

*mechanoreceptors send information to spinal cord and brain about body position and length and tension of muscles
*lamellated (pancinian) corpulscles
*muscle spindle
*golgi tendon organs

29
Q

muscle spindle

A

*found in skeletal muscle
*intrafusal fibers
*when fibers are stretch, impulse is sent
*helps maintain posture

30
Q

golig tendon organs

A

*found in tendons
*opposite of stretch reflex
*detects increase tension of muscle and sends impulse

31
Q

sensory nerves

A

conduct impulses to brain or spinal cord

32
Q

motor nerves

A

nerves involved in motor control

33
Q

mixed nerves

A

nerves that involve both sensory and motor

34
Q

cranial and spinal nerve subdivisions

A

general somatic efferent fibers
general visceral efferent fibers
general somatic afferent fibers
general visceral afferent fibers
special somatic efferent fibers
special somatic afferent fibers
special visceral afferent fibers

35
Q

general somatic efferent fibers

A

carry motor impulses from CNS to skeletal muscels

36
Q

general visceral efferent fibers

A

carry motor impulses away from CNS to smooth muscles and glands

37
Q

general somatic afferent fibers

A

carry sensory impulses to CNS from skin and skeletal muscles

38
Q

general visceral afferent fibers

A

carry sensory impulses to CNS from blood vessels and internal organs

39
Q

special somatic efferent fibers

A

carry motor impulses from brain to muscles used in chewing, swallowing, speaking, and forming facial expressions

40
Q

special visceral afferent fibers

A

carry impulses to brain from olfactory and taste receptors

41
Q

special somatic afferent fibers

A

carry impulses to brain from receptors of sight, hearing , and equilibrium

42
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

43
Q

olfactory nerves (I) sensory

A

smell- nose to olfactory bulbs of the cerebral cortex

44
Q

optic nerve (II) sensory

A

sight- eyes to cerebral cortex

45
Q

oculomotor (III) motor

A

eye and eyelid movement, pupil reactions

46
Q

trochlear (IV) motor

A

smallest of the cranial nerves, eye movement

47
Q

trigeminal (V) mixed

A

*largest of cranial nerves
sensory:
*ophthalmic division- surface of eye, tear gland, anterior scalp, forehead, and eyelid on pons
*maxillary division- upper teeth gum, and lip, as well as mucous lining of mouth and facial skin to pons
*mandibular division- scalp behind ears, skin of jaw, lower teeth, lower gums, and lower lip to pons
motor:
part of mandibular division- pons to jaw muscles (chewing)

48
Q

abducens (VI) motor

A

eye movements
pons to external eye muscles

49
Q

facial (VII) mixed

A

sensory:
*taste receptors of anterior 2/3 of tongue
motor:
*pons to facial muscles (expression)

50
Q

vestibulocochlear (VIII) sensory

A

*vestibular branch- changes in head movement (equilibrium), inner ear to cerebellum
*cochlear branch- inner ear to medulla oblongata and midbrain

51
Q

glossopharyngeal (IX) mixed

A

sensory:
tongue- taste
pharynx, tonsils, and tongue to medulla oblongata
motor:
saliva and swallowing
medulla oblongata to pharynx and salavary glands

52
Q

vagus (X) mixed

A

somatic
sensory:
taste and sensation
pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and viscera of thorax and abdomen to medulla oblongata
motor:
speech and swallowing
medulla oblongata to larynx
autonomic
motor:
medulla oblongata to heart and smooth muscle of viscera

53
Q

accessory (XI) motor

A

arise from both brain and spinal cord
*cranial branch- speech
medulla oblongata to soft palate, pharynx, larynx
*spinal branch- turning head and shoulders
spinal cord to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

54
Q

hypoglossal (XII) motor

A

speaking, chewing, and swallowing
medulla oblongata to tongue

55
Q

spinal nerves

A

mixed nerves
there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

56
Q

dorsal root

A

axons of sensory neurons from the dorsal root ganglion

57
Q

ventral root

A

axons of motor neurons whos cell bodies are located in the spinal cord

58
Q

cervical plexus

A

*c1-c4
*lies deep in the neck on both sides
*supply nerves to muscles and skin of neck

59
Q

brachial plexuses

A

*c5-t1
*located deep within the shoulders
*supply nerves to muscle and skin of the arms and hands
5 branches:
musculocutaneous nerve- supply muscles of anterior arms and skin of forearms
ulnar & medial nerve- supply muscles of forearms and hands & skin of hands
radial nerve- supply posterior muscles of arm & skin of forearms and hands
axillary nerve- supply muscles & skin of anterior, lateral, & posterior arms

60
Q

lumbosacral plexus

A

*t12-Co
*from lumbar region of back to pelvic cavity
*supply nerves to muscles and skin of thighs, legs, & feet
3 major branches:
obturator nerve- supply motor impulses to adductors of thighs
femoral nerve- supply motor impulses to muscles of anterior thigh and sensory impulses from skin of thighs and legs
sciatic nerve- supply muscles and skin of thighs, legs, and feet

61
Q

dermatomes

A

area of skin innervated by the sensory fibers of a particular spinal nerve

anatomy and physiology i (9 decks)

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