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Anatomy and Physiology I > Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

consists of cranial and spinal nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord to all body parts

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2
Q

divisions of peripheral nervous system

A

sensory (afferent) division
motor (efferent) division

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3
Q

motor (efferent) division

A

*motor neurons activate effectors by releasing neurotransmitters
*effectors include skeletal muscle, visceral muscle, and glands

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4
Q

sensory (afferent) division

A

specialized to respond to changes in environment
*awareness of stimulus (sensation) and interpretation of meaning of stimulus (perception) occur in brain

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5
Q

general senses

A

*receptors that are widely distributed throughout the body (skin, organs, joints)
*includes tactile sensation (touch, pressure, stretch, vibration) temperature, pain, muscle sense

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6
Q

special senses

A

more specialized receptors found in places like the eyes and ears

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7
Q

major types of receptors

A

chemoreceptors
pain receptors
thermoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
proprioceptors
baroreceptors
stretch receptors
photoreceptors

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8
Q

chemoreceptors

A

*respond to changes in chemical concentrations
*sense of smell and taste
*internal chemoreceptors detect changes in concentration of oxygen, hydrogen, ions, glucose, and other chemicals in the blood

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9
Q

pain receptors

A

*respond to tissue damage
*triggered by mechanical, electrical, thermal, or chemical energy
*receptors adapt poorly, may send impulse to CNS for some time
*may exhibit referred pain-pain that seems to come from another part of body

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10
Q

fast pain fibers

A

*thin, myelinated
*conduct impulses rapidly
*associated with sharp pain
*well localized areas of the skin

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11
Q

slow pain fibers

A

*thin, unmylinated
*conducts impulses more slowly
*associated with dull aching pain
*usually visceral and difficult to pinpoint

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12
Q

thermoreceptors

A

respond to changes in temperature

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13
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

respond to mechanical forces

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14
Q

proprioceptors

A

sense change in tension of muscles and tendons

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15
Q

baroreceptors

A

detect changes in blood pressure

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16
Q

stretch receptors

A

sense degree of inflation in lungs

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17
Q

photoreceptors

A

found in eyes, respond to light

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18
Q

sensory impulses

A

*stimulation of receptor causes local change in the receptor membrane

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19
Q

sensory adaptation

A

*ability to ignore unimportant or continuous stimuli
*involves decrease response to particular stimulus from the receptor

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20
Q

exteroceptive sense

A

sense associated with body surface
touch, pressure, temperature, pain

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21
Q

interoceptive sense

A

sense associated with changes in viscera
blood pressure, stretching blood vessels

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22
Q

proprioceptive sense

A

senses associated with changes in muscle and tendons

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23
Q

touch and pressure receptors

A

receptors sensitive to mechanical forces
*nonencapsulated nerve endings
*tactile (meissners) corpuscles
*lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles

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24
Q

nonencapsulated (free) nerve endings

A

*detect touch and pressure
*common in epithelial tissues
*responsible for the sensation of itching

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25
tactile (meissners) corpusle
*detects light touch *abundant in hairless portion of skin *lips, fingertips, palms
26
lamellated (paninian) corpuscles
*detect heavy pressure *common in deeper subcutaneous tissue, tendons, ligaments, and joints
27
temperature receptors
warm receptors (77f-113f) cold receptors (50f-68f)
28
proprioceptors
*mechanoreceptors send information to spinal cord and brain about body position and length and tension of muscles *lamellated (pancinian) corpulscles *muscle spindle *golgi tendon organs
29
muscle spindle
*found in skeletal muscle *intrafusal fibers *when fibers are stretch, impulse is sent *helps maintain posture
30
golig tendon organs
*found in tendons *opposite of stretch reflex *detects increase tension of muscle and sends impulse
31
sensory nerves
conduct impulses to brain or spinal cord
32
motor nerves
nerves involved in motor control
33
mixed nerves
nerves that involve both sensory and motor
34
cranial and spinal nerve subdivisions
general somatic efferent fibers general visceral efferent fibers general somatic afferent fibers general visceral afferent fibers special somatic efferent fibers special somatic afferent fibers special visceral afferent fibers
35
general somatic efferent fibers
carry motor impulses from CNS to skeletal muscels
36
general visceral efferent fibers
carry motor impulses away from CNS to smooth muscles and glands
37
general somatic afferent fibers
carry sensory impulses to CNS from skin and skeletal muscles
38
general visceral afferent fibers
carry sensory impulses to CNS from blood vessels and internal organs
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special somatic efferent fibers
carry motor impulses from brain to muscles used in chewing, swallowing, speaking, and forming facial expressions
40
special visceral afferent fibers
carry impulses to brain from olfactory and taste receptors
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special somatic afferent fibers
carry impulses to brain from receptors of sight, hearing , and equilibrium
42
cranial nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves
43
olfactory nerves (I) sensory
smell- nose to olfactory bulbs of the cerebral cortex
44
optic nerve (II) sensory
sight- eyes to cerebral cortex
45
oculomotor (III) motor
eye and eyelid movement, pupil reactions
46
trochlear (IV) motor
smallest of the cranial nerves, eye movement
47
trigeminal (V) mixed
*largest of cranial nerves sensory: *ophthalmic division- surface of eye, tear gland, anterior scalp, forehead, and eyelid on pons *maxillary division- upper teeth gum, and lip, as well as mucous lining of mouth and facial skin to pons *mandibular division- scalp behind ears, skin of jaw, lower teeth, lower gums, and lower lip to pons motor: part of mandibular division- pons to jaw muscles (chewing)
48
abducens (VI) motor
eye movements pons to external eye muscles
49
facial (VII) mixed
sensory: *taste receptors of anterior 2/3 of tongue motor: *pons to facial muscles (expression)
50
vestibulocochlear (VIII) sensory
*vestibular branch- changes in head movement (equilibrium), inner ear to cerebellum *cochlear branch- inner ear to medulla oblongata and midbrain
51
glossopharyngeal (IX) mixed
sensory: tongue- taste pharynx, tonsils, and tongue to medulla oblongata motor: saliva and swallowing medulla oblongata to pharynx and salavary glands
52
vagus (X) mixed
somatic sensory: taste and sensation pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and viscera of thorax and abdomen to medulla oblongata motor: speech and swallowing medulla oblongata to larynx autonomic motor: medulla oblongata to heart and smooth muscle of viscera
53
accessory (XI) motor
arise from both brain and spinal cord *cranial branch- speech medulla oblongata to soft palate, pharynx, larynx *spinal branch- turning head and shoulders spinal cord to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
54
hypoglossal (XII) motor
speaking, chewing, and swallowing medulla oblongata to tongue
55
spinal nerves
mixed nerves there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal
56
dorsal root
axons of sensory neurons from the dorsal root ganglion
57
ventral root
axons of motor neurons whos cell bodies are located in the spinal cord
58
cervical plexus
*c1-c4 *lies deep in the neck on both sides *supply nerves to muscles and skin of neck
59
brachial plexuses
*c5-t1 *located deep within the shoulders *supply nerves to muscle and skin of the arms and hands 5 branches: musculocutaneous nerve- supply muscles of anterior arms and skin of forearms ulnar & medial nerve- supply muscles of forearms and hands & skin of hands radial nerve- supply posterior muscles of arm & skin of forearms and hands axillary nerve- supply muscles & skin of anterior, lateral, & posterior arms
60
lumbosacral plexus
*t12-Co *from lumbar region of back to pelvic cavity *supply nerves to muscles and skin of thighs, legs, & feet 3 major branches: obturator nerve- supply motor impulses to adductors of thighs femoral nerve- supply motor impulses to muscles of anterior thigh and sensory impulses from skin of thighs and legs sciatic nerve- supply muscles and skin of thighs, legs, and feet
61
dermatomes
area of skin innervated by the sensory fibers of a particular spinal nerve

Anatomy and Physiology I (9 decks)

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