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Anatomy and Physiology I > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

dura mater

A

*outer layer of meninges
*dense connective tissue
*forms internal periosteum of the skull

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2
Q

arachnoid mater

A

*middle layer of meninges
*spreads across the brain and spinal cord
*does not dip into their grooves
*thin strands extend to pia mater

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3
Q

pia mater

A

*delicate inner layer
*contains many nerves and blood vessels
*attached to the brain and spinal cord
*follows grooves/depressions

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4
Q

subarachnoid space

A

*space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater
*contains clear, watery cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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5
Q

meninges

A

protective membrane surrounds brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

ventricles

A

interconnected cavities within two cerebral hemispheres of the brain and the stem

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7
Q

choroid plexus

A

secreats cerebrospinal fluid

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8
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

*surrounds brain and spinal cord
*protects from jarring forces
*maintains stable ionic concentration
*provides pathway to the blood and waste

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9
Q

brain

A

*largest and most complex part of nervous system
*responsible for sensation, perceptions, motor commands, higher mental functions

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10
Q

4 regions of brain

A

*cerebral hemispheres
*diencephalon
*brain stem
*cerebellum

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11
Q

cerebrum

A

*the largest part of the mature brain
*consists of two hemispheres

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12
Q

corpus callosum

A

deep nerve fibers

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13
Q

convolutions (gyri”s)

A

ridges in the surface of the cerebrum separated by sulcus

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14
Q

sulcus

A

shallow grooves/folds

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15
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

separates the two hemispheres

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16
Q

transverse fissure

A

separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

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17
Q

insula (island of reil)

A

*5th lobe of the brain
*lies deep within the brain

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18
Q

lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula

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19
Q

cerebral cortex (pt 1)

A

*thin layer of gray matter
*constitutes the outer portion of the cerebrum
*contains almost 75% of all neuron cell bodies of the nervous system

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20
Q

white matter

A

*lies under cerebral cortex
*makes up most of the cerebrum
*contains myelinated axons

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21
Q

function of cerebrum

A

higher brain function, memory, reasoning, intelligence & personality

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22
Q

function of frontal lobe

A

*concentration, planning, problem solving, judgement of behavior
*right hemisphere controls left side of brain & vice-versa
broca’s area controls need for speech-only left hemisphere.

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23
Q

function of parietal lobe

A

*sensory, provides sensation of temp, touch, pressure and pain
*responsible for understanding speech, using words to express thoughts

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24
Q

function of temporal lobe

A

sensory area responsible for hearing
area responsible for remembering visual scenes, music & complex patterns

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25
function of occipital lobe
*sensory responsible for vision * area combines visual imaging with other sensory experiences
26
function of insula lobe
thought to serve as a crossroads for translating sensory information
27
hemisphere Dominance
*dominant hemisphere will control motor cortex *controls speech, writing, reading, verbal, analytical and computational skills *non-dominant controls nonverbal tasks, motor tasks, understanding and interpretating musical and visual patterns, emotions & intuitive thought
28
short-term memory
*closed neuronal circuit *when impulse flow ceases, memory does also, unless it enters long term memory
29
long-term memory
*changes structure or function of neurons by enhancing synaptic transmission *requires enough synapses to encode the memory *pattern of synapses to remain unchanged
30
diencephalon
*nerve tissue that connects cerebral hemispheres and brainstem *surrounds third ventricle and is composed of gray matter
31
thalamus
*gateway for sensory impulses heading to cerebral cortex *receives all sensory impulses *channels impulses to appropriate part of cerebral cortex for interpretation
32
hypothalamus
*maintains homeostasis by regulating visceral activities *hunger, thirst, sleep etc. *links nervous system and endocrine system *pituitary gland secretions
33
epithalamus
*forms roof of third ventricle
34
pineal gland
*secretes melatonin *along with hypothalamus it regulates sleep-wake cycle
35
brain stem
connects the brain to the spinal cord
36
midbrain
*between diencephalons and pons *contains bundles of fibers that join the lower part of spinal cord with higher part of brain *contains cerebral aqueduct taht connects third and fourth ventricles *contains corpora quadrigemina
37
corpora quadrigemina
center for visual and auditory reflexes
38
pons
*rounded bulge on underside of brainstem between midbrain and medulla oblongata *relays impulses between medulla oblongata and cerebrum *also relays impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum *contains respiratory control center with controls rate and depth of breathing
39
medulla oblongata
*enlarged continuation of spinal cord *conducts ascending and descending impulses between brain and spinal cord *contains reflex centers (cardiac center, vasomotor center, respiratory center)
40
cardiac center
reflex center that increases or decreases heartbeat
41
vasomotor center
reflex center that controls diameter of blood vessels
42
respiratory center
reflex center that regulates rhythm, rate and depth of breathing
43
reticular formation
*complex network of fibers and small areas of gray matter that runs throughout medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain *filters incoming sensory information *arouses cerebral cortex into state of wakefulness
44
types of sleep
slow wave (non-REM sleep) REM sleep
45
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
*paradoxical sleep *some areas of brain are active *eyes seen rapidly moving/hear and resp rate irregular *dreaming occurs
46
non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep
*decreased activity of reticular formation *restful and dreamless sleep *reduces blood pressure and resp rate *3 stages ranging from lite to heavy
47
cerebellum
*large mass of tissue below occipital lobes *composed mainly of white matter (arbor vitae) and thin layer of gray matter (cerebellar cortex) *integrates sensory information concerning position of body parts and coordinates skeletal muscle activity *movement, balance, posture
48
blood brain barrier
*helps maintain stable environment in brain *tight junction ensures substances pass thru endothelial cells *substances move thru simple diffusion and specific transport mechanisms *contains enzymes that destroy certain chemicals that would activate brain neurons
49
spinal cord
*nerve column that extends from brain into the vertebral canal *extends from foramen magnum of the skull down to the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae
50
cervical enlargment
supply nerves to the upper limbs
51
lumbar enlargment
supply nerves to the lower limbs
52
conus medullaris
inferior to lumbar enlargment, tapering of spinal cord
53
cauda equina
axons from both motor and sensory neurons extend from lumbar and sacral levels of spinal column
54
filum terminale
connective tissue that anchors the spinal cord to the surface of the coccyx
55
anterior median fissure & posterior median sulcus
two grooves divide it into right and left halves
56
core of spinal cord
*consists of gray matter surrounded by white matter *gray matter looks like a butterfly
57
white matter divisions of spinal cord
ventral funiculi dorsal funiculi lateral funiculi
58
grey matter divisions of spinal cord
*upper wings- dorsal horns *lower wings- ventral horns *wings connect- gray commissure
59
tracts that conudct sensory impulses to the brain
ascending tracts
60
fasciculus gracilis & fasciculus cuneatus
*part of ascending tract *located along posterior funiculi *senses touch, pressure and body movments from skin, muscle, tendons and joints
61
spinothalamic tract
*part of ascending tract *located along lateral and anterior funiculi *senses pain, temperature, touch and pressure from various body regions
62
spinocerebellar tract
*part of ascending tract *located along lateral funiculi *coordination of muscle movements from muscles of lower limbs and trunk of cerebellum
63
tracts that conduct sensory impulses from the brain to muscles or glands
descending tracts
64
corticospinal tract
*part of descending tract *located along lateral and anterior funiculi *voluntary movement from brain to skeletal muscles
65
reticulospinal tract
*part of descending tract *located along lateral and anterior funiculi *maintenance of muscle tone and the activity of sweat glands
66
rubrospinal tract
*part of descending tract *located along lateral funiculi *muscle coordination and the maintenance of posture
67
reflexes
automatic, subconscious response to changes outside or inside the body
68
reflex classifications
somatic reflexes- activate skeletal muscle autonomic (visceral) reflexes- activate visceral effectors
69
relfex arc
nerve pathway that forms structural and functional bases for a reflex
70
receptor
site of stimulus action
71
sensory neuron
transmits afferent impulses to CNS
72
integration center
monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within CNS
73
motor neuron
conducts efferent impulses
74
effector
muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to efferent impulses by contracting or secreting
75
types of reflexes
stretch reflex tendon reflex withdraw reflex crossed-extensor reflex
76
stretch (knee-jerk) reflex
*myotatic reflex *muscle contraction in response to stretching a muscle
77
tendon reflex
78
withdraw reflex
pain message sent to spinal cord via sensory receptors
79
crossed-extensor reflex
*when pain reflex withdraws the hurt limb, contralateral extensors are stimulated to contract *allows body to support the shift in weight

Anatomy and Physiology I (9 decks)

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