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Anatomy and Physiology I > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

dura mater

A

*outer layer of meninges
*dense connective tissue
*forms internal periosteum of the skull

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2
Q

arachnoid mater

A

*middle layer of meninges
*spreads across the brain and spinal cord
*does not dip into their grooves
*thin strands extend to pia mater

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3
Q

pia mater

A

*delicate inner layer
*contains many nerves and blood vessels
*attached to the brain and spinal cord
*follows grooves/depressions

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4
Q

subarachnoid space

A

*space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater
*contains clear, watery cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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5
Q

meninges

A

protective membrane surrounds brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

ventricles

A

interconnected cavities within two cerebral hemispheres of the brain and the stem

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7
Q

choroid plexus

A

secreats cerebrospinal fluid

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8
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

*surrounds brain and spinal cord
*protects from jarring forces
*maintains stable ionic concentration
*provides pathway to the blood and waste

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9
Q

brain

A

*largest and most complex part of nervous system
*responsible for sensation, perceptions, motor commands, higher mental functions

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10
Q

4 regions of brain

A

*cerebral hemispheres
*diencephalon
*brain stem
*cerebellum

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11
Q

cerebrum

A

*the largest part of the mature brain
*consists of two hemispheres

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12
Q

corpus callosum

A

deep nerve fibers

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13
Q

convolutions (gyri”s)

A

ridges in the surface of the cerebrum separated by sulcus

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14
Q

sulcus

A

shallow grooves/folds

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15
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

separates the two hemispheres

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16
Q

transverse fissure

A

separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

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17
Q

insula (island of reil)

A

*5th lobe of the brain
*lies deep within the brain

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18
Q

lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula

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19
Q

cerebral cortex (pt 1)

A

*thin layer of gray matter
*constitutes the outer portion of the cerebrum
*contains almost 75% of all neuron cell bodies of the nervous system

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20
Q

white matter

A

*lies under cerebral cortex
*makes up most of the cerebrum
*contains myelinated axons

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21
Q

function of cerebrum

A

higher brain function, memory, reasoning, intelligence & personality

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22
Q

function of frontal lobe

A

*concentration, planning, problem solving, judgement of behavior
*right hemisphere controls left side of brain & vice-versa
broca’s area controls need for speech-only left hemisphere.

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23
Q

function of parietal lobe

A

*sensory, provides sensation of temp, touch, pressure and pain
*responsible for understanding speech, using words to express thoughts

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24
Q

function of temporal lobe

A

sensory area responsible for hearing
area responsible for remembering visual scenes, music & complex patterns

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25
Q

function of occipital lobe

A

*sensory responsible for vision
* area combines visual imaging with other sensory experiences

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26
Q

function of insula lobe

A

thought to serve as a crossroads for translating sensory information

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27
Q

hemisphere Dominance

A

*dominant hemisphere will control motor cortex
*controls speech, writing, reading, verbal, analytical and computational skills
*non-dominant controls nonverbal tasks, motor tasks, understanding and interpretating musical and visual patterns, emotions & intuitive thought

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28
Q

short-term memory

A

*closed neuronal circuit
*when impulse flow ceases, memory does also, unless it enters long term memory

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29
Q

long-term memory

A

*changes structure or function of neurons by enhancing synaptic transmission
*requires enough synapses to encode the memory
*pattern of synapses to remain unchanged

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30
Q

diencephalon

A

*nerve tissue that connects cerebral hemispheres and brainstem
*surrounds third ventricle and is composed of gray matter

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31
Q

thalamus

A

*gateway for sensory impulses heading to cerebral cortex
*receives all sensory impulses
*channels impulses to appropriate part of cerebral cortex for interpretation

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32
Q

hypothalamus

A

*maintains homeostasis by regulating visceral activities
*hunger, thirst, sleep etc.
*links nervous system and endocrine system
*pituitary gland secretions

33
Q

epithalamus

A

*forms roof of third ventricle

34
Q

pineal gland

A

*secretes melatonin
*along with hypothalamus it regulates sleep-wake cycle

35
Q

brain stem

A

connects the brain to the spinal cord

36
Q

midbrain

A

*between diencephalons and pons
*contains bundles of fibers that join the lower part of spinal cord with higher part of brain
*contains cerebral aqueduct taht connects third and fourth ventricles
*contains corpora quadrigemina

37
Q

corpora quadrigemina

A

center for visual and auditory reflexes

38
Q

pons

A

*rounded bulge on underside of brainstem between midbrain and medulla oblongata
*relays impulses between medulla oblongata and cerebrum
*also relays impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum
*contains respiratory control center with controls rate and depth of breathing

39
Q

medulla oblongata

A

*enlarged continuation of spinal cord
*conducts ascending and descending impulses between brain and spinal cord
*contains reflex centers (cardiac center, vasomotor center, respiratory center)

40
Q

cardiac center

A

reflex center that increases or decreases heartbeat

41
Q

vasomotor center

A

reflex center that controls diameter of blood vessels

42
Q

respiratory center

A

reflex center that regulates rhythm, rate and depth of breathing

43
Q

reticular formation

A

*complex network of fibers and small areas of gray matter that runs throughout medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain
*filters incoming sensory information
*arouses cerebral cortex into state of wakefulness

44
Q

types of sleep

A

slow wave (non-REM sleep)
REM sleep

45
Q

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

A

*paradoxical sleep
*some areas of brain are active
*eyes seen rapidly moving/hear and resp rate irregular
*dreaming occurs

46
Q

non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep

A

*decreased activity of reticular formation
*restful and dreamless sleep
*reduces blood pressure and resp rate
*3 stages ranging from lite to heavy

47
Q

cerebellum

A

*large mass of tissue below occipital lobes
*composed mainly of white matter (arbor vitae) and thin layer of gray matter (cerebellar cortex)
*integrates sensory information concerning position of body parts and coordinates skeletal muscle activity
*movement, balance, posture

48
Q

blood brain barrier

A

*helps maintain stable environment in brain
*tight junction ensures substances pass thru endothelial cells
*substances move thru simple diffusion and specific transport mechanisms
*contains enzymes that destroy certain chemicals that would activate brain neurons

49
Q

spinal cord

A

*nerve column that extends from brain into the vertebral canal
*extends from foramen magnum of the skull down to the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae

50
Q

cervical enlargment

A

supply nerves to the upper limbs

51
Q

lumbar enlargment

A

supply nerves to the lower limbs

52
Q

conus medullaris

A

inferior to lumbar enlargment, tapering of spinal cord

53
Q

cauda equina

A

axons from both motor and sensory neurons extend from lumbar and sacral levels of spinal column

54
Q

filum terminale

A

connective tissue that anchors the spinal cord to the surface of the coccyx

55
Q

anterior median fissure & posterior median sulcus

A

two grooves divide it into right and left halves

56
Q

core of spinal cord

A

*consists of gray matter surrounded by white matter
*gray matter looks like a butterfly

57
Q

white matter divisions of spinal cord

A

ventral funiculi
dorsal funiculi
lateral funiculi

58
Q

grey matter divisions of spinal cord

A

*upper wings- dorsal horns
*lower wings- ventral horns
*wings connect- gray commissure

59
Q

tracts that conudct sensory impulses to the brain

A

ascending tracts

60
Q

fasciculus gracilis &
fasciculus cuneatus

A

*part of ascending tract
*located along posterior funiculi
*senses touch, pressure and body movments from skin, muscle, tendons and joints

61
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

*part of ascending tract
*located along lateral and anterior funiculi
*senses pain, temperature, touch and pressure from various body regions

62
Q

spinocerebellar tract

A

*part of ascending tract
*located along lateral funiculi
*coordination of muscle movements from muscles of lower limbs and trunk of cerebellum

63
Q

tracts that conduct sensory impulses from the brain to muscles or glands

A

descending tracts

64
Q

corticospinal tract

A

*part of descending tract
*located along lateral and anterior funiculi
*voluntary movement from brain to skeletal muscles

65
Q

reticulospinal tract

A

*part of descending tract
*located along lateral and anterior funiculi
*maintenance of muscle tone and the activity of sweat glands

66
Q

rubrospinal tract

A

*part of descending tract
*located along lateral funiculi
*muscle coordination and the maintenance of posture

67
Q

reflexes

A

automatic, subconscious response to changes outside or inside the body

68
Q

reflex classifications

A

somatic reflexes- activate skeletal muscle
autonomic (visceral) reflexes- activate visceral effectors

69
Q

relfex arc

A

nerve pathway that forms structural and functional bases for a reflex

70
Q

receptor

A

site of stimulus action

71
Q

sensory neuron

A

transmits afferent impulses to CNS

72
Q

integration center

A

monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within CNS

73
Q

motor neuron

A

conducts efferent impulses

74
Q

effector

A

muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to efferent impulses by contracting or secreting

75
Q

types of reflexes

A

stretch reflex
tendon reflex
withdraw reflex
crossed-extensor reflex

76
Q

stretch (knee-jerk) reflex

A

*myotatic reflex
*muscle contraction in response to stretching a muscle

77
Q

tendon reflex

A
78
Q

withdraw reflex

A

pain message sent to spinal cord via sensory receptors

79
Q

crossed-extensor reflex

A

*when pain reflex withdraws the hurt limb, contralateral extensors are stimulated to contract
*allows body to support the shift in weight

Anatomy and Physiology I (9 decks)

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