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Anatomy and Physiology I > Muscle Physiology > Flashcards

Muscle Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

types of muscle tissue

A

cardiac, smooth, skeletal

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2
Q

functions of muscle

A

produce movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints, create heat as they contract

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3
Q

attachment of muscle to moveable bone

A

insertion

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4
Q

attachment of immovable bone or less moveable bone

A

origin

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5
Q

layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding entire skeletal muscle

A

epimysium

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6
Q

fibrous layer of connective tissue that separates muscle into small bundles called fascicles

A

perimysium

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7
Q

layer of fine areolar connective tissue surrounding each individual muscle fiber

A

endomysium

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8
Q

cordlike part that attaches a muscle to a bone

A

tendon

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9
Q

muscle that bends a joint

A

flexor

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10
Q

muscle that straightens a joint

A

extension

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11
Q

muscle composed of bundles of

A

fascicles

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12
Q

fascicles composed of bundles of

A

muscle fibers

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13
Q

muscle fibers composed of bundles of

A

muscle cells

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14
Q

plasma membrane of muscle fiber

A

sarcolemma

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15
Q

network of connective tissue that extends throughout the muscular system

A

fascia

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16
Q

cytoplasm of muscle fiber

A

sarcoplasm (contains glycosomes and myofibrils)

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17
Q

contractile organelle of muscle fiber

A

myofibril

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18
Q

cellular organelle, modified endoplasmic reticulum of muscle fiber

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum (stores calcium)

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19
Q

muscle impulse is generated and travels deep into the fiber via

A

transverse tubule

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20
Q

small sections of myofibrils

A

sarcomeres (from one z disc to another)

21
Q

neuron

A

motor nerve fiber

22
Q

site where an axon of a motor neuron and muscle fiber meet

A

neuromuscular junction
(motor end plate)

23
Q

muscle fiber connected to an axon at a

A

synapses

24
Q

a neurotransmitter released at motor end plates by the axon terminals

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

25
Q

breaks down ACh into its building blocks, rendering it inactive

A

Acetylcholinesterase

26
Q

diffuses of ___ across/into the cell membrane resulting in depolarization

A

sodium ions (Na+)

27
Q

final chemical messenger and “trigger” for muscle contraction. bonds to troponin

A

calcium ions (Ca+2)

28
Q

activates synaptic vesicles in axon terminals to fuse with plasma membrane of axon terminal

A

calcium ions (Ca+2)

29
Q

moves calcium back into sarcoplasmic reticulum at rest

A

calcium (Ca+2) pump

30
Q

covers binding sites on actin

A

troponin-tropomyosin complex

31
Q

consist of a motor neuron and all muscle fibers

A

motor unit

32
Q

minimum strength of stimulation of a muscle fiber required to cause contraction

A

threshold stimulus

33
Q

contractile response of a single muscle fiber to a single impulse

A

muscle twitch

34
Q

muscle contracts and changes length

A

isotonic contraction
(concentric: shorten & eccentric: lengthen)

35
Q

muscle contracts but does not change length

A

isometric contraction

36
Q

provides energy for contraction

A

ATP

37
Q

sources of ATP

A

direct phosphorylation, anaerobic pathway, aerobic pathway

38
Q

for muscles to return to pre-exercise state:

A

oxygen reserve replenished/ lactic acid reconverted to pyruvic acid/ glycogen stores replaced/ ATP and creatine phosphate reserves resynthesized

39
Q

force of contraction depends on number of cross bridges attached, which is affected by 4 factors:

A

number of muscle fibers stimulated/ relative size of fibers/ frequency of stimulation/ degree of stretch

40
Q

3 types of skeletal muscle fibers

A

slow oxidative fibers- low intensity movements
fast oxidative fibers- medium intensity movements
fast glycolytic fibers- short term intense movements

41
Q

increase in size of muscles

A

hypertrophy

42
Q

decrease in size of muscles

A

atrophy

43
Q

muscle fibers that are spindle-shaped, 1 nucleus, lack striations, lack t-tubes, lack connective tissue sheaths

A

smooth muscle

44
Q

neurotransmitters for smooth muscles

A

Acetylcholine & Norepinephrine

45
Q

other difference between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle

A

slower to contract and relax
maintains a forceful contraction longer
can change length without change in tautness

46
Q

2 types of smooth muscle

A

multi-unit smooth muscle
unitary (visceral) smooth muscle

47
Q

multi-unit smooth muscle

A

function as separate units, (iris of eye, walls of blood vessels), stimulated by neurons & hormones

48
Q

unitary (Visceral) smooth muscles

A

respond as a unit, sheets of muscle fibers, held together by gap junctions, conduct peristalsis, walls of hollow organs, most common

Anatomy and Physiology I (9 decks)

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