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Anatomy and Physiology I > Intro to Nervous System > Flashcards

Intro to Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system divisions

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) & Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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2
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

*brain and spinal cord
*integrative and control center

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

*cranial nerves & spinal nerves
*communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body

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4
Q

peripheral nervous system divisons

A

sensory (afferent) division & motor (efferent) division

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5
Q

sensory (afferent) division

A

*somatic & visceral sensory nerve fibers
*conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS

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6
Q

motor (efferent) division

A

*motor nerve fibers
*conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles & glands)

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7
Q

motor (efferent) division

A

somatic nervous system & autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

somatic nervous system

A

*voluntary motor nerve fibers
*conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles

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9
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

*visceral (involuntary) motor nerve fibers
*conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle & glands

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10
Q

autonomic nervous system divisions

A

sympathetic & parasympathetic

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11
Q

sympathetic division

A

*mobilize body systems during activity
*“fight or flight” response

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12
Q

parasympathetic division

A

*conserves energy
*promotes “housekeeping” function during rest

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13
Q

neuroglial cell types (in peripheral nervous system)

A

satellite cells & schwann cells

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14
Q

satellite cells

A

*in PNS
*surrounds neuron cell bodies in ganglia
*regulates neurotransmitter levels

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15
Q

schwanns cells

A

*myelinate neurons in PNS *maintenance and regeneration of neurons after injury

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16
Q

neuroglial cell types (iin central nervous system)

A

astrocytes/ ependymal/ oligodendrocytes/ microglia

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17
Q

astrocytes

A

*in CNS
*maintain blood brain barrier
*controls levels of neurotransmission around synapses
*regulates ions

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18
Q

ependymal

A

*in CNS
*line spinal cord & ventricles of brain
*involved in production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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19
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

*myelinate CNS axons
*provide structural framework

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20
Q

microglia

A

*in CNS
*brains immune system
*removes dead cells and pathogens by phagocytosis

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21
Q

divergence

A

*one neuron sends impulses to several neurons
*can amplify an impulse
*single neuron in (CNS) may activate several motor neurons from (PNS) to skeletal muscles
*impulses from a sensory receptor may reach different regions of (CNS) for processing

22
Q

convergence

A

*one neuron receiving input from several neurons
*allows nervous system to collect, process and respond to information
*makes it possible for neurons to sum impulses from different sources

23
Q

neuronial pool

A

*group of interneurons (CNS), make synaptic connections w/ each other & work together to perform common functions
*each pool sends & receives input/output to other neurons

24
Q

inhibitory post-synaptic potential

A

*when post synaptic neuron membranes become hyperpolarized
*action potential becomes less likely
*different neurotransmitter increases membrane permeability to K+ ions, causing other ions to diffuse outward, will cause the membrane to be hyperpolarized

25
excitatory post-synaptic potential
*membrane change/ promote it to create an action potential *once action potential has occurred it is more likely to happen again
26
saltatory conduction
*transmission of a nerve impulse down a myelinated axon is saltatory conduction *myelinated area of nerves are not charged by extracellular fluid, so impulses travel faster down the axon
27
action potential
*once enough Na+ enters neuron, voltage gated sodium channels around "trigger zone" opens *sodium rushes in causing positive change (depolarization) *K+ channels open and let out K+, thus repolarizing neuron *once repolarized, neurons rest, actively pumps 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in until original state of polarization is reached *this takes about 1/1000th of a second to happen
28
2 types of ion channels
*leakage (non-gated) channel- always open *gated channels- change shape to open and close channel
29
3 types of gated channels
*chemically gated (ligand-gated)- requires chemicals to open *voltage gated- -/+ charge causes channel to open or close *mechanical gated- mechanical pressure needed to open channel
30
resting membrane potential
*not being stimulated, resting, polarized membrane *more K+ ions inside cell, more Na+ ions outside cell *if resting potential changes, Na+, K+ pump restores it
31
synaptic transmission
*one-way transfer of information *impulse travels down axon of presynaptic neuron to axon terminal *impulse reaches synaptic knob, influx of Ca+2 ions *release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles by exocytosis *neurotransmitter substance stimulates membrane of adjacent neurons *immediately after impulse transfer, transmitter molecules must be removed
32
synapses
*neurons communicate w/ each other at synapses *site at which neuron transmits a nerve impulse to another neuron *presynaptic neuron- sends impulse *postsynaptic neuron- receives impulse *synaptic cleft- gap seperating the 2 neurons
33
motor neuron
*multipolar (efferent) *carry impulses away from CNS *carry impulses to effectors (muscles and glands)
34
interneurons
*associated neurons *link neurons *multipolar *located in CNS
35
sensory neurons
*afferent neurons *carry impulses to CNS *most are unipolar *some are bipolar
36
multipolar neurons
99% of neurons, have many processes, most neurons of CNS
37
bipolar neurons
two processes, in eyes, ears, nose
38
unipolar neurons
one process, cell bodies are in ganglia, sensory
39
grey matter vs white matter
grey matter- composed of unmyelinated axons white matter- composed of myelinated axons (oligodendrocytes)
40
neuron structure
dendrites, cell body, axon, myelin sheath, node of ranvier
41
dendrites
branched receptive surfaces neuron may have many
42
cell body
contains nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, neurofilaments, (ER)- chromatophilic substance (nissl bodies)
43
axon
transmits impulses and releases neurotransmitters to another neuron or effector. may have 1 or many
44
axon hillock
"trigger zone"
45
collaterals
branch of axon
46
axon terminal
terminal brancing end of axon
47
synaptic knob
ends of branches at axon terminal
48
myelin sheath
composed of myelin, increases speed of electrical impulses
49
node of ranvier
space between myeline sheath on axon
50
neuroglia (glial cells)
*small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons *provides structural support, produces growth factors to nourish nerve cells, aid in information of synapses
51
neurons (nerve cells)
excitable cells that transmit electrical signals
52

Anatomy and Physiology I (9 decks)

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