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Anatomy and Physiology I > Intro to Nervous System > Flashcards

Intro to Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system divisions

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) & Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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2
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

*brain and spinal cord
*integrative and control center

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

*cranial nerves & spinal nerves
*communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body

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4
Q

peripheral nervous system divisons

A

sensory (afferent) division & motor (efferent) division

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5
Q

sensory (afferent) division

A

*somatic & visceral sensory nerve fibers
*conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS

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6
Q

motor (efferent) division

A

*motor nerve fibers
*conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles & glands)

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7
Q

motor (efferent) division

A

somatic nervous system & autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

somatic nervous system

A

*voluntary motor nerve fibers
*conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles

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9
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

*visceral (involuntary) motor nerve fibers
*conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle & glands

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10
Q

autonomic nervous system divisions

A

sympathetic & parasympathetic

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11
Q

sympathetic division

A

*mobilize body systems during activity
*“fight or flight” response

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12
Q

parasympathetic division

A

*conserves energy
*promotes “housekeeping” function during rest

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13
Q

neuroglial cell types (in peripheral nervous system)

A

satellite cells & schwann cells

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14
Q

satellite cells

A

*in PNS
*surrounds neuron cell bodies in ganglia
*regulates neurotransmitter levels

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15
Q

schwanns cells

A

*myelinate neurons in PNS *maintenance and regeneration of neurons after injury

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16
Q

neuroglial cell types (iin central nervous system)

A

astrocytes/ ependymal/ oligodendrocytes/ microglia

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17
Q

astrocytes

A

*in CNS
*maintain blood brain barrier
*controls levels of neurotransmission around synapses
*regulates ions

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18
Q

ependymal

A

*in CNS
*line spinal cord & ventricles of brain
*involved in production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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19
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

*myelinate CNS axons
*provide structural framework

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20
Q

microglia

A

*in CNS
*brains immune system
*removes dead cells and pathogens by phagocytosis

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21
Q

divergence

A

*one neuron sends impulses to several neurons
*can amplify an impulse
*single neuron in (CNS) may activate several motor neurons from (PNS) to skeletal muscles
*impulses from a sensory receptor may reach different regions of (CNS) for processing

22
Q

convergence

A

*one neuron receiving input from several neurons
*allows nervous system to collect, process and respond to information
*makes it possible for neurons to sum impulses from different sources

23
Q

neuronial pool

A

*group of interneurons (CNS), make synaptic connections w/ each other & work together to perform common functions
*each pool sends & receives input/output to other neurons

24
Q

inhibitory post-synaptic potential

A

*when post synaptic neuron membranes become hyperpolarized
*action potential becomes less likely
*different neurotransmitter increases membrane permeability to K+ ions, causing other ions to diffuse outward, will cause the membrane to be hyperpolarized

25
Q

excitatory post-synaptic potential

A

*membrane change/ promote it to create an action potential
*once action potential has occurred it is more likely to happen again

26
Q

saltatory conduction

A

*transmission of a nerve impulse down a myelinated axon is saltatory conduction
*myelinated area of nerves are not charged by extracellular fluid, so impulses travel faster down the axon

27
Q

action potential

A

*once enough Na+ enters neuron, voltage gated sodium channels around “trigger zone” opens
*sodium rushes in causing positive change (depolarization)
*K+ channels open and let out K+, thus repolarizing neuron
*once repolarized, neurons rest, actively pumps 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in until original state of polarization is reached
*this takes about 1/1000th of a second to happen

28
Q

2 types of ion channels

A

*leakage (non-gated) channel- always open
*gated channels- change shape to open and close channel

29
Q

3 types of gated channels

A

*chemically gated (ligand-gated)- requires chemicals to open
*voltage gated- -/+ charge causes channel to open or close
*mechanical gated- mechanical pressure needed to open channel

30
Q

resting membrane potential

A

*not being stimulated, resting, polarized membrane
*more K+ ions inside cell, more Na+ ions outside cell
*if resting potential changes, Na+, K+ pump restores it

31
Q

synaptic transmission

A

*one-way transfer of information
*impulse travels down axon of presynaptic neuron to axon terminal
*impulse reaches synaptic knob, influx of Ca+2 ions
*release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles by exocytosis
*neurotransmitter substance stimulates membrane of adjacent neurons
*immediately after impulse transfer, transmitter molecules must be removed

32
Q

synapses

A

*neurons communicate w/ each other at synapses
*site at which neuron transmits a nerve impulse to another neuron
*presynaptic neuron- sends impulse
*postsynaptic neuron- receives impulse
*synaptic cleft- gap seperating the 2 neurons

33
Q

motor neuron

A

*multipolar (efferent)
*carry impulses away from CNS
*carry impulses to effectors (muscles and glands)

34
Q

interneurons

A

*associated neurons
*link neurons
*multipolar
*located in CNS

35
Q

sensory neurons

A

*afferent neurons
*carry impulses to CNS
*most are unipolar
*some are bipolar

36
Q

multipolar neurons

A

99% of neurons, have many processes, most neurons of CNS

37
Q

bipolar neurons

A

two processes, in eyes, ears, nose

38
Q

unipolar neurons

A

one process, cell bodies are in ganglia, sensory

39
Q

grey matter vs white matter

A

grey matter- composed of unmyelinated axons
white matter- composed of myelinated axons (oligodendrocytes)

40
Q

neuron structure

A

dendrites, cell body, axon, myelin sheath, node of ranvier

41
Q

dendrites

A

branched receptive surfaces neuron may have many

42
Q

cell body

A

contains nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, neurofilaments,
(ER)- chromatophilic substance (nissl bodies)

43
Q

axon

A

transmits impulses and releases neurotransmitters to another neuron or effector. may have 1 or many

44
Q

axon hillock

A

“trigger zone”

45
Q

collaterals

A

branch of axon

46
Q

axon terminal

A

terminal brancing end of axon

47
Q

synaptic knob

A

ends of branches at axon terminal

48
Q

myelin sheath

A

composed of myelin, increases speed of electrical impulses

49
Q

node of ranvier

A

space between myeline sheath on axon

50
Q

neuroglia (glial cells)

A

*small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons
*provides structural support, produces growth factors to nourish nerve cells, aid in information of synapses

51
Q

neurons (nerve cells)

A

excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

52
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology I (9 decks)

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