Peripheral Endocrine Glands

Question 1

What are the major peripheral endocrine glands?

Question 2

What types of cells make up the thyroid gland?

Question 3

What is a follicle in the thyroid gland?

Question 4

What are the two molecules that are referred to as thyroid hormone?

Question 5

If given a list of possible events, could you correctly list the sequence of events in
production of thyroid hormone?

Question 6

Where is the receptor for thyroid hormone? What does its activation do?

Question 7

Could you identify the physiological effects of thyroid hormone from a list?

Question 8

How is thyroid secretion regulated?

Question 9

What is hypothyroidism? Why would too much thyroid-stimulating hormone lead to a
goiter?

Question 10

Do the adrenal cortex and medulla secrete the same hormones?

Question 11

Is hormone stimulation
the same in the adrenal cortex and medulla?

Question 12

What are the three categories of adrenocortical hormones?

Question 13

What is the main mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex?

Question 14

What is the main glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex?

Question 15

What is the main sex hormone produced by the adrenal cortex?

Question 16

How do lipophilic hormones move through the blood? How about hydrophilic hormones?

Question 17

Are adrenocortical hormones lipophilic or hydrophilic?

Question 18

Where are the target cell receptors located for lipophilic hormones? How about for
hydrophilic hormones?

Question 19

What is the main function of aldosterone? What organ does it mainly act on?

Question 20

What directly controls aldosterone secretion?

Question 21

How is cortisol regulated?

Question 22

What are the effects of cortisol? Why is this important?

Question 23

Could you identify the physiological effects of cortisol from a list?

Question 24

Could you identify the physiological effects of DHEA on females from a list?

Question 25

Why is the adrenal production of DHEA not as relevant for males as it is for females?

Question 26

What type of cells make up the adrenal medulla?

Question 27

What does the adrenal medulla release in response to sympathetic nerve activity?

Question 28

Does epinephrine activate the same receptors as norepinephrine? How about vice
versa: does norepinephrine activate the same receptors as epinephrine?

Question 29

What effect does epinephrine have on the arterioles of skeletal muscles? How about the
bronchioles?

Question 30

Would cold exposure cause general adaptation syndrome? How about physical pain?
How about psychosocial stress?

Question 31

Could you identify mechanisms of the general adaptation syndrome from a list?

Question 32

What is anabolism and catabolism?

Question 33

What is the difference between metabolism and fuel metabolism?

Question 34

Can amino acids be transformed into glucose? How about glucose to fatty acids?

Question 35

Can all nutrients be created from other organic molecules in the body?

Question 36

Can glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids all be used as sources of energy? Can they
all directly enter into cellular respiration?

Question 37

How is the balance between anabolism and catabolism shifted during growth?

Question 38

Where do nutrients come from in-between meals?

Question 39

What do body cells do during the absorptive state? How about during the
postabsorptive state?

Question 39

What are the storage forms of carbohydrates, proteins and fats in the body? Where are
the main storage sites for each of these? Which contains the most stored energy?

Question 40

What is the nutrient that the brain relies on? Does it store this nutrient?

Question 41

What signals the body to switch from the postabsorptive to absorptive state? What
signals the body to switch from the absorptive to postabsorptive state?

Question 42

What are the structures in the pancreas that secrete hormones?

Question 43

Which pancreatic cell secretes insulin and which secretes glucagon?

Question 44

What is the effect of insulin on blood levels of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids?

Question 45

What is the effect of glucagon on blood levels of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids?

Question 46

Does insulin increase or decrease carbohydrate storage? How about protein synthesis?
How about fat storage?

Question 47

Does increased insulin lead to increased or decreased permeability of cells to glucose?
How does this change in permeability occur?

Question 48

If given a list of possible events, could you correctly list the process by which beta cells
secrete insulin in response to a change in insulin level? What is this process called?

Question 49

Could you explain how insulin and glucagon act as a negative feedback system for
blood glucose?

Question 50

What organ does glucagon mainly act on?

Question 51

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus?