Central Endocrine Glands

Question 1

What are the central endocrine glands? Where are they located? Which have soley
endocrine functions and which have mixed functions?

Question 2

What are tropic hormones?

Question 3

What is the anatomical difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary gland?

Question 4

What brain area projects to the posterior pituitary? Does this same area also project to
the anterior pituitary?

Question 5

What are the two hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland, and what do
they do?

Question 6

What are hypophysiotropic hormones? Where are they released from? I

Question 7

What is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system? How is it different than regular
capillary beds?

Question 8

What is a 3-hormone chain of command? Where are each of the three hormones
secreted? Could you explain how negative feedback works in this chain?

Question 9

Growth obviously includes lengthening bones. During growth, do bones also widen? Do
soft tissues grow, or just bones?

Question 10

What are the four things that allow normal growth to occur?

Question 11

How many growth spurts occur during childhood? What are they?

Question 12

What particular hormones increase during growth spurts?

Question 13

Is growth hormone secreted in adults? What are its metabolic effects?

Question 14

What causes secretion of IGF-1? What does IGF-1 do?

Question 15

What does hypertrophy mean? How about hyperplasia?

Question 16

What are osteocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes?

Question 17

What is an epiphyseal plate?

Question 18

How does bone lengthening occur? Why does it stop at the end of puberty?

Question 19

What changes in growth hormone levels would cause dwarfism?

Question 20

What changes in growth hormone levels would cause gigantism?

Question 21

What changes in growth hormone levels would cause acromegaly?

Question 22

What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) do? What does the pineal gland do in
relation to it?

Question 23

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?