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Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic processes performed by the digestive system?

A

1.) motility
2.) secretion
3.) digestion
4.) absorption

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2
Q

What are the two types of motility movements? Which type of muscle produces them?

A

1.) mixing movements
2.) propulsive movements

accomplished by smooth muscle lining digestive tract

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3
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine secretions?

A

exocrine = secretions into digestive tract (mix of H20, electrolytes, enzymes)

endocrine = secretions of GI hormones and GI peptides that enter blood and have targets inside and outside of digestive system

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4
Q

Where does absorption mostly occur?

A

small intestine

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5
Q

What is hydolysis?

A

adding H2O to bond site to break bond

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5
Q

What are the three main categories of energy-rich food components?

A

Carbs, proteins, and fats

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6
Q

What are the absorbable units of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polusaccharides

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7
Q

What are the absorbable units of proteins?

A

small peptides, amino acids

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8
Q

What are the absorbable units of fats?

A

monoglycerides, fatty acids

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8
Q

What do starch and glycogen consist of? What are soluble and insoluble fibers?

A

starch: amylase and amylopectin
glycogen: storage form of glucose in muscle

dietary polysaccharides that either can or cannot be digested

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9
Q

What are the four layers of the digestive tract?

A

1.) serosa
2.) mucosa externa
3.) mucosa
4.) submucosa

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10
Q

In what layer(s) are cells that secrete found? Which layer mainly contains smooth
muscle?

A
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11
Q

Where are the two plexuses?

A

submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus

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12
Q

What is function of serous fluid?

A
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13
Q

What are the four means by which digestive activity can be regulated?

A

1.) autonomous smooth muscle function
2.) intrinsic nerve plexuses
3.) extrinsic nerves
4.) GI hormones

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14
Q

What do the interstitial cells of Cajal do? How does electrical activity pass between
smooth muscle cells in the digestive tract? Does the slow-wave potential always lead to
contraction?

A

pacemaker cells throughout muscularis externa, generate spontaneous, rhythmic, slow-wave membrane potentials

propagates to adjacent smooth muscle cells via gap junctions

if depolarization peak crosses threshold (not a given), multiple action potentials fire = contraction of smooth muscle

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15
Q

What is enteric nervous system comprised of?

A

submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus

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16
Q

How does sympathetic activity generally change digestive processes?

A

inhibits digestive motility and secretion

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17
Q

How does parasympathetic activity generally change digestive processes?

A

promotes digestive motility and secretion

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18
Q

Where are GI hormones secreted and what do they act on?

A

secreted in digestive tract and alte activity of smooth muscle and exocrine cells

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19
Q

What are the functions of mastication?

A

1.) breaks down food into smaller peaches (increases surface area for salivary enzymes to act on)
2.) mixes food with saliva
3.) exposes food to taste buds

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20
Q

What are the functions of saliva? What secretes it?

A

1.) begins digestion of dietary starch through enzyme salivary amylase
2.) facilitates swallowing by lubricating with mucus
3.) inhibits bacteria via lysozyme (lyses bacteria) and lactoferrin (sequesters iron), antibodies, rinsing away leftover food material
4.) acts as solvent for tastants
5.) aids speech by allow surfaces of tongue, lips, and cheeks to glide over eachother
6.) neutralizes acids in food and bacteria via bicarbonate buffer

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21
Q

What are the two reflexes by which salivary secretion increases?

A

1.) simple salivary reflex (pressure receptors and chemoreceptors in brain)
2.) conditioned salivary reflex (thinking, seeing, smelling food
-> cerebral cortex)

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22
Q

What brain structure controls swallowing?

A

pharyngeal mechanoreceptors send signals to swallowing centers in medulla

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23
Q

What are the three functional sections of the stomach?

A

1.) fundus
2.) body
3.) antrum

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24
Q

What are the main functions of the stomach?

A

1.) stores food until it can be emptied into small intestine
2.) secrete HCl and enzymes that begin protein absorption
3.) pulverizes ingested food and mixes with gastric secretions to produce this liquid called chyme

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25
Q

What is receptive relaxation of the stomach?

A

occurs when stomach is being filled, vagus nerve activity relaxes smooth muscle

allows stomach folds to unfold, volume expands

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26
Q

Which area of the stomach has thicker smooth muscle? What function does it provide?

A

antrum, greater force for propulsion and mixing (retropulsion)

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27
Q

Does chyme simply dump straight into the duodenum from the stomach?

A

no, rate of gastric emptying depends on strength of antral contractions

28
Q

If given a list, could you identify the factors the influence gastric emptying?

A

Increase
1.) volume of chyme
2.) degree of fluidity of chyme

Decrease
3.) enterogastric reflex (neural response regulated thru intrinsic plexuses and autonomic nerves)
4.) release of enterogastrones (GI hormones that act on the smooth muscle in the stomach
5.) fat, acid, hypertonicity
6.) intense pain

7.) emotion (through autonomic nerves, can promote or inhibit motility)

29
Q

What factors in the duodenum affect gastric emptying? What mechanisms do they
elicit? Which hormones are secreted by the duodenum by these factors?

A

enterogastric reflex (neural response regulated thru intrinsic plexuses and autonomic nerves)
release of enterogastrones (GI hormones that act on the smooth muscle in the stomach)

release secretin and CCK

30
Q

Where are the oxyntic mucosa and pyloric gland area? What component of these areas secretes gastric juices?

A

located in the fundus and body

1.) mucous cells (lubricant)
2.) chief cells (pepsinogen)
3.) parietal (oxyntic) cells (secrete HCl and intrinsic factor)

31
Q

What do mucous cells secrete? How about chief cells? How about parietal cells?

A

1.) mucous cells = mucus (lubricant)
2.) chief cells = pepsinogen
3.) parietal = HCl and intrinsic factor (Vitamin B absorption)

32
Q

Why does the stomach secrete HCl? Why does it secrete pepsinogen?

A

HCl = activates pepsin, aids in breakdown of connective tissue and muscle fibers, kills microorganisms, denatures proteins (unwinds it so pepsin can break it down)

Pepsinogen = inactive form of pepsin (breakdowns proteins)

33
Q

If a stomach epithelial cell dies, is it replaced?

A

yes, by stem cells

:inside gastric pits continually divide and replace worn-out cells -> entire gastric mucosa replaced every 3 days.

34
Q

What do G cells secrete? How about ECL cells? How about D cells?

A

1.) G cells = gastrin
2.) ECL cells = histamine
3.) D cells = somatostatin

35
Q

What does gastrin do?

A
  • stimulates secretion of gastric juice (HCL, pepsinogen)
  • stimulate ECL cells
36
Q

What are the three phases of gastric secretion? In which phases is secretion increased
and which reduced?

A

1.) cephalic (increases secretion) (vagus nerve stimulate intrinsic plexuses and G cells)

2.) gastric (increases secretion) (protein stimulates intrinsic plexuses and G cells)

3.) intestinal (decreases secretion) (absence of protein to turn on G cells, high acidity triggers D cells)

37
Q

How is the stomach lining protected from HCl?

A

1.) luminal membrane of gastric mucosal cells impermeable to H+
2.) tight junctions between gastric mucosal cells
3.) thick mucus acting as a physical barrier
4.) alkalinity of mucus neutralized acid

38
Q

In the pancreas, what do acinar cells secrete? How about duct cells?

A

1.) acinar cells = pancreatic enzymes
2.) duct cells = alkaline solution

39
Q

What are the three main types of pancreatic enzymes, and what do they do?

A

1.) proteolytic enzymes = digest proteins
2.) pancreatic amylase = digest carbs
3.) pancreatic lipase = digest fats

40
Q

What causes the pancreas to secrete its juices? Where does it secrete them into?

A

pancreatic secretion regulated by enterogastrones secreted by duodenal mucosa– secretin and CCK

secreted into duodenal lumen

41
Q

How is blood flow to the liver unique? What is the name of the circulation from the
digestive tract to liver?

A
42
Q

What are the functional units that make up the liver?

A
43
Q

What is the function of Kupffer cells?

A
44
Q

How are hepatocytes organized in the lobules?

A
45
Q

What does bile contain? Where is it stored? Is it all excreted into the large intestine?

A
46
Q

What causes the secretion of bile into the duodenum?

A
47
Q

How do bile salts end up breaking big fat droplets into a lipid emulsion? Why is this
important?

A
48
Q

What micelles? What are they made of? What role do they play in absorption?

A
49
Q

What is bilirubin and how is it produced?

A
50
Q

What is jaundice due to?

A
51
Q

What are the three segments of the small intestine?

A
52
Q

What is segmentation motion and what does it do?

A
53
Q

What mechanisms prevent the contents of the large intestine from leaking back into the
small intestine?

A
54
Q

What is succus entericus and what does it do?

A
55
Q

What structural features increase the surface area of the small intestine mucosa? Why
is this important?

A
56
Q

Where are the Crypts of Lieberkühn located? What important cells do they contain?

A
57
Q

What enzymes are embedded in the brush border? What do they do?

A
58
Q

Does the body regulate absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and fats?

A
59
Q

Where does the energy come from to power transport of carbohydrates and proteins?

A
60
Q

Do we excrete digestive enzymes, or proteins from sloughed off intestinal epithelial
cells?

A
61
Q

What is a chylomicron?

A
62
Q

Do absorbed carbohydrates, proteins and fats all enter the blood capillaries?

A
63
Q

What are the main functions of the large intestine? What does it receive from the small
intestine?

A
64
Q

Where are the cecum, colon, and rectum?

A
65
Q

Does the colon contain a little or a lot of bacteria? What do the bacteria do that is
beneficial?

A
66
Q

What do feces contain?

A
67
Q

What do haustral contractions do?

A
68
Q

What are the contractions that propel feces thru the
colon?

A
69
Q

What is the gastrocolic reflex?

A

Physiology (9 decks)

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