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Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main constituents of blood?

A

Erythrocytes (5 billion), leukocytes, platelets, plasma

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2
Q

What does plasma contain?

A

proteins

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3
Q

Where are plasma proteins produced?

A

In the liver (except for antibodies)

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4
Q

What are the three types of plasma proteins?

A
  1. Albumins: transport substances poorly soluble in plasma; nonspecific
  2. Globulins: different subtypes may transport specific substances, or are factors in blood clotting, or help regulate salt balance
  3. Fibrinogen: key factor in blood clotting
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5
Q

What is the main function of erythrocytes?

A

To carry O2

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6
Q

What is the main molecule inside erythrocytes?

A

hemoglobin

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7
Q

Where does O2 bind within this molecule?

A

On an Fe atom

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8
Q

What is the color of hemoglobin bound to O2? How about without O2?

A

Reddish with, bluish without

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9
Q

What is the function of carbonic anhydrase? What contains this enzyme?

A

enzyme that catalyzes CO2 + H2O  H+ + HCO3− (bicarbonate ion)
contained by erythrocytes.

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10
Q

Why do erythrocytes have a short life span?

A

Lack of nucleus and organelles, squeezing through capillaries causes damage to plasma membrane that they cannot repair.

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11
Q

Where are old, fragile erythrocytes removed?

A

spleen

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12
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur?

A

Bone marrow of sternum, ribs, pelvis, and upper end of limb bones

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13
Q

What do the kidneys secrete that affects erythropoiesis? Is the secretion in response to low or high O2 level in the blood?

A

Erythropoietin, controlled by negative homeostatic feedback loop, in response to decreased O2 levels in blood detected by kidneys.

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14
Q

What is antigen? How does it relate to the ABO and Rh factor blood types?

A

Large molecule (usually protein, glycoprotein, or glycolipid on cell surface) that triggers immune response in the body.

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15
Q

What happens during a transfusion reaction?

A

Antigens from opposing blood types attack each other, the red blood cells from the donor agglutinate, usually rupture and cause blockages in capillaries.

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16
Q

What is the main function of leukocytes? Where are they produced?

A

Mobile units of the body’s immune system, produced in bone marrow

17
Q

What are the two groups of leukocytes?

A
  1. Polymorphonuclear granulocytes
    a. Nuclei segmented into several lobes of different shapes
    b. Presence of membrane-enclosed granules filled with stored chemicals that can be released by exocytosis
  2. Mononuclear agranulocytes
18
Q

What are the five subtypes of leukocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
  4. Monocytes
  5. lymphocytes
19
Q

What are megakaryocytes?

A

Very large cell in bone marrow that sheds off platelets (cell fragments)

20
Q

What hormone stimulates megakaryocyte production and activity?

A

thrombopoietin

21
Q

What do platelets consist of?

A

Cytoplasm of megakaryocyte, some organelles and enzymes, actin and myosin

22
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

The arrest of bleeding from a broken blood vessel

23
Q

What are the three steps of hemostasis?

A
  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Formation of platelet plug
  3. Blood coagulation
24
Q

How does vascular spasm occur?

A

injury to blood vessel triggers release of a paracrine from endothelial lining that causes vasoconstriction. the inner endothelial surface becomes sticking and opposing ends adhere to each other.

25
Q

Exposure of what protein in the blood vessel to plasma leads to platelet plug formation?

A

von Willebrand factor

26
Q

What do actin and myosin in platelets do?

A

contract to tighten plug

27
Q

What is the ultimate step in formation of a blood clot? How does this form a clot?

A

conversion of fibrinogen (plasma protein produced in liver) to fibrin

28
Q

What is clot retraction?

A

platelets trapped in clot retract, pulling edges of damaged vessel closer together.

29
Q

What is the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic clot pathways?

A

intrinsic: triggered at exposure of blood to damaged blood vessel
extrinsic: triggered at exposure of blood to factors in damaged tissue outside of blood vessel

29
Q

What does activated plasmin do?

A

slowly dissolves fibrin mesh over time (dissolves clot)

Physiology (9 decks)

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