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Physiology > Body Defenses > Flashcards

Body Defenses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main activities of the immune system?

A
  1. defend against pathogens
  2. remove worn-out cells or tissue damaged by trauma or disease
  3. destroy abnormal cancer cells
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2
Q

Define Bacteria

A

non-nucleated, unicellular organisms; contain all nuclear machinery necessary for survival and reproduction

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3
Q

Define viruses

A

nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) enclosed by a protein coat; are not organisms and cannot self sustain
- invade host cell and hijacks resources toward viral replication

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4
Q

What does virulence mean?

A

disease caused by pathogenic bacteria usually due to their release of enzymes or toxins that injure or disrupt normal cell function

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5
Q

Which are phagocytes?

A

leukocytes (neutrophils and monocytes) with the ability to engulf and destroy foreign particles

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6
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells and T cells

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7
Q

Define B cells

A

produce antibodies that indirectly lead to destruction of foreign material

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8
Q

Define T cells

A

lymphocytes that directly destroy virus invaded cells and cancer cells

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9
Q

Where are leukocytes produced?

A

bone marrow

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10
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced (after development)?

A

lymphoid tissues– spleen, thymus, bone marrow, tonsils, adenoids

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11
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

clears blood of microorganisms, debris, and worn-out blood cells; exchanges lymphocytes with blood

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12
Q

What are the two components of the immune system? What cells mediate them?

A

Innate immune system (neutrophils and macrophages)
Adaptive immune system (B cells and T cells)

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13
Q

How does the immune system detect these triggers?

A

Toll-Like Receptors, RLRs, and NLRs,

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14
Q

What are the four defenses of the innate immune system?

A

Inflammation, Interferon, Natural Killer cells, and the complement system.

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15
Q

What paracrine do macrophages and helper T cells release?

A

cytokines

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16
Q

What does histamine do?

A

paracrine that vasodilates nearby arterioles

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17
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

cytokines cause other leukocytes inside capillaries to adhere to capillary wall and squeeze through capillary pores

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18
Q

What is scar tissue made of?

A

deposits of collagen protein

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19
Q

When is interferon released? What does it do?

A

when cells are infected by a virus, interferes with ability of virus to replicate in other potential host cells.

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20
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

lymphocyte-like cells that nonspecifically destroy virus-infected cells and cancer cells.

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21
Q

What is the complement system?

A

plasma proteins work together to attack the plasma membrane of foreign cells. Contains many sequentially activated plasma proteins that circulate in blood stream in inactive form.

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22
Q

What is the protein complex it creates that leads to the destruction of microbes? How do these microbes end up dying from it?

A

membrane attack complex (MAC)

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23
Q

What is the difference between the alternate and classical complement pathways?

A

Alternate: first component (C1) activated directly by carbohydrate chains protruding from plasma membrane of foreign microbes
Classical: First component (C1) activated by antibodies, which are attached to foreign material– part of the adaptive immune system

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24
Q

B-cell receptors are specific for ________.

A

one type of antigen

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25
Q

What is an antigen?

A

large molecule (usually protein, also large carbs or fats) that triggers immune response in the body

26
Q

What is the difference between T-dependent and T-independent antigens?

A

T-dependent antigens depend on assistance of helper T cells to activate B cell while T-independent antigens directly activate B cell with no assistance.

27
Q

What happens when a B cell is activated?

A

multiplies and its clones differentiate into active plasma cells or dormant memory cells

28
Q

What are the ways in which an attached antibody leads to the destruction of the microbe/host cell carrying an antigen?

A
  1. triggering the complement system (classical complement pathway)
  2. binds with phagocyte to promote phagocytosis
  3. activated antibodies bind with receptors on natural killer cells to trigger lysis
29
Q

What is a way in which an antibody renders an antigen useless

A

antibodies bind with antigens on multiple foreign bodies, forming a useless clump (agglutination)

30
Q

What is clonal selection theory?

A

the enormous array of B cells with different B-cell receptors is established during fetal development before exposure to antigens

31
Q

What specifically leads to the diversity of B cell receptors?

A

During B-cell development, the fragments of DNA encoding B-cell receptors are cut, reshuffled, and splized in many combination cross developing B cells

32
Q

What leads to a greater response to secondary exposure to an antigen?

A

Memory cells

33
Q

How does vaccination lead to a secondary response when exposed to an antigen?

A

by deliberately exposing to a pathogen stripped of its disease producing capabilities in order to form memory cells to the pathogen.

34
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity? How is it different than antibody-mediated immunity?

A

T-cells attack targets via direct contact. while in antibody mediated immunity B cells indirectly attack targets by labelling them for destruction.

35
Q

What is similar between B and T cells?

A
  1. specific to antigens
  2. clone in response to activation
  3. form a memory pool (and increased secondary response)
36
Q

What’s the main difference in B and T cell activation?

A

T cells only activate when foreign antigen is presented together with a self-antigen on the surface of a body cell

37
Q

What are the three types of T cells?

A
  1. cytotoxic (killer) T cells
  2. helper T cells
  3. regulatory T cells
38
Q

What is the role of cytotoxic T cells?

A

Destroy host cells that present foreign antigen on their surface in conjunction with MHC self-antigen (ex. virus-infected cells, cancerous cells)

39
Q

What protein is released by killer T cells and what does that protein do?

A

perforin, which forms large pores in the target cell, leading to lysis

40
Q

What is the main role of helper T cells?

A

secrete cytokines that augment nearly every aspect of immune system (most cytokines produced by them)

41
Q

What cell type does HIV target?

A

Helper T cells

42
Q

What do regulatory T cells do?

A

suppress both innate and adaptive immune responses in a check-and-balance fashion to minimize harmful effects of the immune response

43
Q

What is the difference between Class I and Class II major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins?

A

Class I: found on all nucleated body cells
Class II: found only on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells

44
Q

Which T cells are activated by which?

A

Class I: cytotoxic T cells
Class II: helper T cells

45
Q

What is a dendritic cell? What does it do?

A

phagocyte similar to macrophages, abundant in body tissues. After engulfing foreign material, it migrates to lymph nodes to present antigens along with class II MHC glycoproteins to helper T cells.

46
Q

What is a tumor cell?

A

mutation occurs within genes that regulate cell division and growth, leads to unrestricted multiplication of the cell

47
Q

What is meant by immune surveillance?

A

recognition and destruction of new, potentially cancerous tumor cells by T cells

48
Q

What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors?

A

benign: slow growth, does not infiltrate surrounding tissue
malignant (cancer): fast growth, infiltrates surrounding tissue

49
Q

What does metastasis mean?

A

malignant tumor cells don’t adhere well to surrounding tissue; can break away and travel thru bloodstream to other areas of the body

50
Q

Which cells work together to prevent cancerous cells from multiplying? What do they secrete?

A

cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells and phagocytes
Secrete interferon

51
Q

How does interferon prevent cancer growth?

A

it breaks down messenger RNA and inhibits protein synthesis

52
Q

What are defensins?

A

antimicrobial peptides that disrupt membrane of microbes

53
Q

What are the two layers of the skin? Which lymphoctye is scattered throughout these layers?

A

epidermis and dermis
T cells

54
Q

Functions of melanocytes

A

produce the pigment melanin, which absorbs UV rays that could cause mutation in skin cells

55
Q

Functions of keratinocytes

A

most abundant, specialize in keratin production, secrete cytokines that influence maturation of T cells in the skin

56
Q

Functions of Langerhans cells

A

dendritic cells that present antigen to T cells

57
Q

Functions of Granstein cells

A

activate regulatory T cells to put an end to immune response

58
Q

What do sweat glands secrete?

A

cooling evaporation

59
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

A

oil (sebum) to waterproof skin and keep it from cracking

60
Q

How do sebaceous glands and sweat glands relate to the immune system?

A

both contain chemicals toxic to bacteria

Physiology (9 decks)

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