Peripheral & CNS Degeneration & Regeneration Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mechanism of TGF-B in neuronal degeneration and regeneration?

A

Neuroprotective

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2
Q

What is transsynaptic (transneuronal) degeneration?

A

Degeneration of a neuron that either synapses upon or receives a synaptic signal

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3
Q

Blockage of this receptor in the CNS promotes neuronal regeneration and plasticity in uninjured neurons.

A

Nogo-66 Receptor

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4
Q

What are the primary functions of microfilaments, neurofilaments, and microtubules in neurons?

A

Microfilaments and microtubules are involved with neuronal function. Neurofilaments are more involved with structural support for the neuron.

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5
Q

What is the function of Chondroitin Sulfate in neuronal regeneration and plasticity?

A

Chondroitin sulfate is produced by glial cells and supports the growth and development of new neurons. When surrounding mature neurons, however, chondroitin sulfate prevents regeneration and plasticity

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6
Q

Where can Nissl bodies be found in the nervous system?

A

Within the soma and dendrites of neurons. Nissl is absent from the axon hillock and axon

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7
Q

What is chronic axotomy?

A

Prolonged periods in which injured neurons remain without targets during axonal regeneration

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8
Q

What is a neuroma?

A

Accumulation of axonal endings unconnected to another neuron

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9
Q

This cytokine acts on neurons and glia to mediate ischemic, excitotoxic, and traumatic brain injury.

A

IL-1

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10
Q

Stress, glucocorticoids, and granule cell stimulation have what effect on neurogenesis?

A

Inhibit neurogenesis

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11
Q

What is excitotoxic degeneration?

A

Degeneration of neurons due to overexposure to excitatory signals

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12
Q

What is chronic denervation?

A

A distal nerve stump is maintained by Schwann Cells, but is not reconnected to the proximal nerve

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13
Q

Nissl substance is important for protein maintenance and neuronal processes. What types of neurons have a higher density of Nissl substance?

A

Motor neurons - require more proteins for functioning

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14
Q

What is the most abundant Insulin-Like growth factor in the CNS?

A

IGF-2 found in highly myelinated tracks of the CNS

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15
Q

What is the function of neurotrophins?

A

Stimulate proliferation, differentiation, survival, and regeneration of mature oligodendryocytes

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16
Q

What components make up the cytoskeleton of the nerve cell?

A

Microfilaments (actin), neurofilaments (intermediate filaments), microtubules (tubulin)

17
Q

This cytokine contributes to neuronal injury.

A

TNF-a

18
Q

What describes the degeneration of the distal axon following the degeneration of the axon terminal?

A

Wallerian Degeneration

19
Q

What is the effect of the complement pathway on neurogenesis?

A

Local production of complement protects the healthy nerves and is needed for myelin clearance post-injury

20
Q

True/False. The number of neurofilaments inversely correlates to the diameter of the axon.

A

False. The number of neurofilaments is directly correlated with axon diameter. Motor neurons have a greater number of neurofilaments that sensory neurons.

21
Q

This term describes the degeneration of the axon terminal distal segment

A

Terminal degeneration

22
Q

NOS and NMDA receptor inhibitors promote survival of what structure?

A

Clark’s nucleus - proprioception

23
Q

What term describes the dispersal and redistribution of Nissl substance in a damaged neuron?

A

Chromatolysis

24
Q

These proteins guide PNS axonal regeneration through pathfinding, fasciculation, and blood vessel formation.

A

Neuropilins