Periodontal Disease in Dogs & Cats Flashcards
(27 cards)
What is periodontal disease?
insidious, progressive inflammatory condition of the periodontium
What structures are included in periodontium?
- gingiva
- cementum
- periodontal ligament
- alveolar bone
What 2 overlapping conditions cause periodontal disease?
- gingivitis
- periodontitis
What is gingivitis?
- inflammation of the free margin of the gingiva
- first stage of periodontal disease
How does gingivitis develop?
within 2 weeks of untreated plaque
What is periodontitis?
inflammation of the tissue that supports the tooth
What does periodontitis result in?
attachment loss (irreversible)
What is the prevalence of periodontal disease?
one of the top diseases
Development of periodontal disease
Occurs 2 steps:
- plaque formation
- inflammation cascade
The 4 phases of plaque formation
Phase 1:
- salivary glycoprotein become dental pellicles
Phase 2:
gram+ bacteria colonize pellicle and become biofilm
Phase 3:
bacterial polysaccharides help form immature plaque
Phase 4:
anaerobic colonize and calculus formation occurs
How does calculus form?
plaque mineralization from saliva
What can calculus result in?
- mechanical irritant to gingiva
- porous surface for more plaque
- anoxic environment supporting anerobic organisms
- toxins & metabolic products by bacteria lead to inflammatory cascade
Why is host immune system not successful to eliminating bacteria in mouth?
biofilm:
- resist desiccation
- limits host immune response
- limit antisepticS & antimicrobial penetration
No host blood supply to surface of tooth:
- inability to deliver oxygen or inflammatory cell
- host immune cells cannot penetrate calculus
What does the inflammatory cascade lead to?
increased osteoclast activity and production of proteolytic enzymes resulting in destruction of soft tissue atacchment
Where are periodontal disease most likely to occur?
- areas of crowding teeth
- small/toy breed
- retained deciduous teeth
- brachycephalic
Effects of periodontal disease in patients
Local:
- retrobulbar abscess
- retro-orbital abscess
- osteomyelitis
Systemic:
- hematogenous bacterial shed
- bacterial endotoxin
Stage 0 periodontal disease
- healthy peridontium
- gingiva have “knife-like” margin
- bone is close to the neck of the tooth radiographically
What is stage 1 periodontal disease
- gingivitis present
- mild amount of plaque & calculus
- no bone loss radiographically
Treatment for stage 1 periodontal disease
- scaling & polishing
- home care
Stage 2 periodontal disease
- gingivitis with gingival edema
- subgingival plaque/ calculus accumulation
- up to 25% bone loss radiographically
Treatment for stage 2 periodontal disease
- scaling & polishing
- subgingival curette
- placement od perioceutics medication
- home care
Stage 3 periodontal disease
- gingivitis, edema, increased pocket depth
- increased amounts of plaque & calculus
- 25-50% bone loss on radiograph
Treatment of stage 3 periodontal disease
- extraction
- advanced treatment: open-root planning, placement of perioceutic medication
- advanced periodontal surgical techniques
Stage 4 periodontal disease
- advanced periodontitis
- greater than 50% bone/ attachment loss
- teeth often mobile
