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Pathology and Immunity > Periodontal Disease > Flashcards

Periodontal Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what is periodontology

A

the study of the periodontal tissues in health and disease, including the causes, prevention, and treatment of diseases of the periodontal tissues

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2
Q

what are the periodontal tissues

A

gingivae
periodontal ligament
root cementum
alveolar bone

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3
Q

what can the alveolar bone be divided into

A

the alveolar bone proper and alveolar bone recess

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4
Q

what is the alveolar bone proper

A

the thin plate of bone immediately adjacent to the periodontal ligament

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5
Q

what does the alveolar bone proper develop from

A

ectomesenchymal cells of the dental follicle

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6
Q

what develops from the dental follicle

A

alveolar bone proper
periodontal ligament
root cementum

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7
Q

what is periodontal health

A

the outcome of the balance between the bacteria of dental plaque and the host immune system

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8
Q

what is periodontal disease

A

a group of diseases affecting the periodontal tissues, representing an immune reaction that is both innate and adaptive to adjacent microbial plaque

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9
Q

does gingivitis always progress to periodontitis

A

no

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10
Q

what is inflammation

A

biological responses to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritiants.
protective attempt made by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process

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11
Q

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation

A

pain
heat
swelling
redness
loss of function

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12
Q

what is dolor

A

pain

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13
Q

what is calor

A

heat

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14
Q

what is rubor

A

redness

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15
Q

what is tumor

A

swelling

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16
Q

what is functio laesa

A

loss of function

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17
Q

what causes the cardinal signs of inflammation

A

dilation of blood vessels
increased permeability of vessel walls
inflammatory exudate
emigration of white blood cells from blood vessels into the connective tissue

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18
Q

what is periodontal disease

A

multifactorial condition with complex etiopathogenesis

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19
Q

what are some general health factors that can lead to periodontal disease

A

stress
fatigue
smoking
diet
medications
hygienic habits

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20
Q

what are the acquired local risk factors for periodontal disease

A

plaque
calculus
overhanging and poor contoured restorations

21
Q

what are anatomical local risk factors for periodontal disease

A

malpositioned teeth
root grooves
concavities
furcations
enamel pearls

22
Q

what are the non modifiable systematic risk factors for periodontal disease

A

aging
genetic factors

23
Q

what are the modifible systemic risk factors for periodontal disease

A

smoking
poorly controlled diabetes
stress
medications
hormonal changes
poor nutrition
socioeconomic status

24
Q

what is the non specific plaque theory

A

accumulation of dental plaque is responsible for periodontal disease

25
Q

what is the specific plaque theory

A

few species of oral microflora are actively involved in the disease

26
Q

what is the ecological plaque theory

A

changes in environment like pH can lead to favourable growth of certain bacteria

27
Q

what is the polymicrobial dysbiosis keystone pathogen hypothesis

A

certain low abundance microbial pathogens can cause inflammatory disease by interfering with the host immune system and remodelling the microbiota

28
Q

what factors of bacteria are important for defining periodontal disease

A

number of bacteria
virulence of bacteria
formation of the biofilm

29
Q

what is a biofilm

A

an aggregation of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other on a surface
these adherent cells are embedded within a self produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance

30
Q

where can biofilms form

A

living and non living surfaces
can also form in water and sewage pipes

31
Q

what is an example of a biofilm

A

dental plaque

32
Q

describe dental plaque

A

can be both subgingival and supragingival
microbial species interact with each other, and some of the not overtly pathogenic bacteria aid and assist the pathogenic bacteria
polymicrobial, rather than monomicrobial infection

33
Q

describe the stages of biofilm formation

A

pellicle
association
adhesion
growth

34
Q

what is the pellicle

A

this is the proteins and glycoproteins of the saliva that take a few minutes to form after brushing teeth

35
Q

describe association and adhesion

A

trailblazing bacteria like s, aureus possess adhesion molecules and adhere to the pellicle

36
Q

describe grwoth

A

micocolonises form and produce polysaccharide matrix

37
Q

what does the mature biofilm transition into

A

metabolic complexes

38
Q

how can low abundance microbial pathoegens cause inflammatory disease

A

by increasing the quantity of the normal microbiota and by changing its composition to interfere with the host immune system

39
Q

what is the keystone pathogen hypothesis

A

porphyromonas gingivalis is shown to be able to manipulate the innate and adaptive immune system of the host
facilitates its own survival and multiplication as well as the entire microbial community
can trigger inflammation in low numbers

40
Q

what is required to cause disease

A

bacteria
immune system

41
Q

what can disrupt homeostasis

A

genetic conditions associated with the impairment of the immune system
diseases leading to impairment of the immune system

42
Q

what are the signs of gingivitis

A

erythema
swelling
bleeding on gentle probing

43
Q

what are the symptoms of periodontal disease experienced by patients

A

bleeding on brushing
bad breath and taste
sensitivity
drifting teeth
mobility
discomfort and pain is rare

44
Q

what is halitosis

A

bad breath

45
Q

what are the signs of periodontitis in clincial examination

A

bleeding on gentle probing
erythema
halitosis
swelling
bone loss
recession
mobility
purulence

46
Q

what constitutes a true pocket formation

A

loss of attachment

47
Q

what causes a false pocket to appear

A

swelling

48
Q

what is this

A

a false pocket

49
Q

what is this

A

a true pocket

Pathology and Immunity (16 decks)

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