Periodontal Disease

Question 1

what is periodontology

Answer 1

the study of the periodontal tissues in health and disease, including the causes, prevention, and treatment of diseases of the periodontal tissues

Question 2

what are the periodontal tissues

Answer 2

gingivae
periodontal ligament
root cementum
alveolar bone

Question 3

what can the alveolar bone be divided into

Answer 3

the alveolar bone proper and alveolar bone recess

Question 4

what is the alveolar bone proper

Answer 4

the thin plate of bone immediately adjacent to the periodontal ligament

Question 5

what does the alveolar bone proper develop from

Answer 5

ectomesenchymal cells of the dental follicle

Question 6

what develops from the dental follicle

Answer 6

alveolar bone proper
periodontal ligament
root cementum

Question 7

what is periodontal health

Answer 7

the outcome of the balance between the bacteria of dental plaque and the host immune system

Question 8

what is periodontal disease

Answer 8

a group of diseases affecting the periodontal tissues, representing an immune reaction that is both innate and adaptive to adjacent microbial plaque

Question 9

does gingivitis always progress to periodontitis

Answer 9

no

Question 10

what is inflammation

Answer 10

biological responses to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritiants.
protective attempt made by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process

Question 11

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 11

pain
heat
swelling
redness
loss of function

Question 12

what is dolor

Answer 12

pain

Question 13

what is calor

Answer 13

heat

Question 14

what is rubor

Answer 14

redness

Question 15

what is tumor

Answer 15

swelling

Question 16

what is functio laesa

Answer 16

loss of function

Question 17

what causes the cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 17

dilation of blood vessels
increased permeability of vessel walls
inflammatory exudate
emigration of white blood cells from blood vessels into the connective tissue

Question 18

what is periodontal disease

Answer 18

multifactorial condition with complex etiopathogenesis

Question 19

what are some general health factors that can lead to periodontal disease

Answer 19

stress
fatigue
smoking
diet
medications
hygienic habits

Question 20

what are the acquired local risk factors for periodontal disease

Answer 20

plaque
calculus
overhanging and poor contoured restorations

Question 21

what are anatomical local risk factors for periodontal disease

Answer 21

malpositioned teeth
root grooves
concavities
furcations
enamel pearls

Question 22

what are the non modifiable systematic risk factors for periodontal disease

Answer 22

aging
genetic factors

Question 23

what are the modifible systemic risk factors for periodontal disease

Answer 23

smoking
poorly controlled diabetes
stress
medications
hormonal changes
poor nutrition
socioeconomic status

Question 24

what is the non specific plaque theory

Answer 24

accumulation of dental plaque is responsible for periodontal disease

Question 25

what is the specific plaque theory

Answer 25

few species of oral microflora are actively involved in the disease

Question 26

what is the ecological plaque theory

Answer 26

changes in environment like pH can lead to favourable growth of certain bacteria

Question 27

what is the polymicrobial dysbiosis keystone pathogen hypothesis

Answer 27

certain low abundance microbial pathogens can cause inflammatory disease by interfering with the host immune system and remodelling the microbiota

Question 28

what factors of bacteria are important for defining periodontal disease

Answer 28

number of bacteria virulence of bacteria formation of the biofilm

Question 29

what is a biofilm

Answer 29

an aggregation of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other on a surface these adherent cells are embedded within a self produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance

Question 30

where can biofilms form

Answer 30

living and non living surfaces can also form in water and sewage pipes

Question 31

what is an example of a biofilm

Answer 31

dental plaque

Question 32

describe dental plaque

Answer 32

can be both subgingival and supragingival microbial species interact with each other, and some of the not overtly pathogenic bacteria aid and assist the pathogenic bacteria polymicrobial, rather than monomicrobial infection

Question 33

describe the stages of biofilm formation

Answer 33

pellicle association adhesion growth

Question 34

what is the pellicle

Answer 34

this is the proteins and glycoproteins of the saliva that take a few minutes to form after brushing teeth

Question 35

describe association and adhesion

Answer 35

trailblazing bacteria like s, aureus possess adhesion molecules and adhere to the pellicle

Question 36

describe grwoth

Answer 36

micocolonises form and produce polysaccharide matrix

Question 37

what does the mature biofilm transition into

Answer 37

metabolic complexes

Question 38

how can low abundance microbial pathoegens cause inflammatory disease

Answer 38

by increasing the quantity of the normal microbiota and by changing its composition to interfere with the host immune system

Question 39

what is the keystone pathogen hypothesis

Answer 39

porphyromonas gingivalis is shown to be able to manipulate the innate and adaptive immune system of the host facilitates its own survival and multiplication as well as the entire microbial community can trigger inflammation in low numbers

Question 40

what is required to cause disease

Answer 40

bacteria immune system

Question 41

what can disrupt homeostasis

Answer 41

genetic conditions associated with the impairment of the immune system diseases leading to impairment of the immune system

Question 42

what are the signs of gingivitis

Answer 42

erythema swelling bleeding on gentle probing

Question 43

what are the symptoms of periodontal disease experienced by patients

Answer 43

bleeding on brushing bad breath and taste sensitivity drifting teeth mobility discomfort and pain is rare

Question 44

what is halitosis

Answer 44

bad breath

Question 45

what are the signs of periodontitis in clincial examination

Answer 45

bleeding on gentle probing erythema halitosis swelling bone loss recession mobility purulence

Question 46

what constitutes a true pocket formation

Answer 46

loss of attachment

Question 47

what causes a false pocket to appear

Answer 47

swelling

Question 48

what is this

Answer 48

a false pocket

Question 49

what is this

Answer 49

a true pocket