Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology and Immunity > Neoplasia 1 > Flashcards

Neoplasia 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a neoplasm

A

a new growth - tumour
abnormal mass of tissue
growth is uncoordinated and exceeds that of normal tissues
persists after the removal of stimuli that initiated the change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the clinical behaviour of neoplasia

A

benign or malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is histogenesis

A

the tissue of origin of a neoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the different tissues of origin for neoplasms

A

epithelial
connective tissue
other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the epithalial histogenesis

A

lining or covering or glandular epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe the growth pattern of benign neoplasms

A

expand like balloons
encapsulated by a fibrous tissue band
localised - does not infiltrate other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why are benign tumours encapsulated

A

the fibrous tissue band contains the cells in one place and this makes for easier surgical removal and prevents them infiltrating other surrounding tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe the growth pattern of malignant neoplasms

A

they grow through invasion and infiltration of surrounding tissues and lack a capsule
they can get through the basement membrane of blood and lymphatic vessels and travel through them to various parts of the body through metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does metastasis allow for malignant neoplasms

A

allows movement to an area distant from the area of origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe the growth rate of benign neoplasms

A

slow, unless they cause distressing symptoms the patients can tolerate large sizes of tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe the growth rate of malignant neoplasms

A

grow rapidly, but the rate of growth can differ from one type of malignancy to another. some are slow growing, some are rapid and aggressive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe the histology of benign neoplasms

A

resembles tissue of origin due to high level of differentiation, the cells are uniform in nuclear shape and size
few mitotic figures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe the histology of malignant neoplasms

A

variable resemblance to the tissue of origin, and there is pleomorphism of cells and their nuclei.
there are many abnormal mitotic figures ie they are dividing into more than just two new cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is pleomorphism

A

term used to describe variablility in size, shape and staining of cells and or their nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe the clinical effects of benign neoplasms

A

can cause a lump or obstruction depending on the site and size
can increase or decrease hormone production
treated through local excision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe the clinical effects of malignant neoplasms

A

can cause local pressure, infiltration and destruction of tissues and distant metastases
can increase or decrease hormone secretion
local excision and chemotherapy or radiation if metastases is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the clinical signs of a tumour if there is pressure from swelling

A

tingling in the hands or ischaemia of the tissue due to pressure on the blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

do benign tumours reoccur

A

very rarely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

do malignant tumours reoccur

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

list the effecs of benign tumours

A
  • palpable lump
  • pressure
  • obstruction
  • function - changed hormone secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does treatment of benign tumours depend on

A

site, size and tumour type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does the effect of benign tumours depend on

A

the site size and tumour size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is pleomorphic adenoma

A

slowly growing mass that often occurs in the salivary glands, both major and minor
has a fibrous bind surrounding it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is a malignant tumour that can be seen in the oral cavity

A

squamous cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is a benign tumour that can be seen in the oral cavity
a pleomorphic adenoma
26
what proportion of oral cancer cases are composed of squamous cell carcinoma
95%
27
what can squamous cell carcinoma do to the mouth
can destroy the lamina propria and the salivary glands present nearby can be destroyed as well
28
what is a papilloma
a benign squamous epithelial tumour
29
what is a squamous cell carcinoma
a malignant squamous epithelial tumour
30
what is an adenoma
a benign glandular epithelial tumour like seen in the salivary glands
31
what is an adenosarcoma
a malignant glandular epithelial tumour
32
describe the structure of squamous cell papillomas
made up of finger like processes with keratinised squamous epithelium. each one of these processes has a connective tissue core in the centre benign
33
what is a leiomyoma
benign tumour of smooth muscle
34
what is a fibroma
benign tumour of fibrous tissue
35
what is osteoma
benign tumour of bone
36
what is chondroma
benign tumour of cartilage
37
what is lipoma
benign tumour of fat
38
what is angioma
benign tumour of blood vessel
39
what is leiomyosarcoma
malignant tumour of smooth muscle
40
what is fibrosarcoma
malignant tumour of fibrous tissue
41
what is osteosarcoma
malignant tumour of bone
42
what is chondrosarcoma
malignant tumour of cartilage
43
what is a liposarcoma
malignant tumour of fat
44
what is an angiosarcoma
malignant tumour of blood vessel
45
what is lymphoma
malignant lymphoid tumour
46
what is leukemia
malignant tumour of haemopoietic stem cells
47
what is naevus
benign tumour of melanocytes
48
what is melanoma
malignant tumour of melanocytes
49
what is a benign teratoma
a benign tumour of germ cells
50
what is a malignant teratoma
a malignant tumour of germ cells
51
what causes carcinogenesis
environmental and genetics
52
what can carcinogens cause
benign tumours and malignant tumours
53
what leads to benign tumours from carcinogens
inherited factors or viruses
54
what carcinogens cause malignant tumours
chemical agents physical agents viruses may affect tissue directly or have an indirect effect on other tissues like in bladder cancer
55
what are some chemical carcinogens
- smoking polycyclic hydrocarbons including tars - diet, drugs and alcohol - asbestos
56
what are the two stages to chemical carcinogenesis
initiation and promotion
57
describe initiation of chemical carcinogenesis
permanent DNA damage from mutations
58
describe promotion of chemical carcinogenesis
agent promotes proliferation
59
what is the latent period of chemical carcinogenesis
time from promotion to clinical tumour
60
what is the multistep theory of carcinogenesis
initiation, promotion and progression
61
what are the different forms of tumour throughout carcinogenesis
- normal cell - initiated cell - preneoplastic lesion - malignant tumour
62
what is the factor for initiation
genetic
63
is promotion reversible
yes
64
is initiation reversible
no
65
is progression reversible
can be
66
what is initiation
this is when a carcinogen induces a genetic change resulting in neoplastic potential
67
what is promotion
this is when another factor stimulates the initiated cell for division - clonal proliferation does not act on non initiated cells
68
what is progression of carcinogenesis
this is when additional mutations result in malignancy
69
what is physical carcinogenesis
this is when there is ionising radiation that damages DNA causing mutations there are radioactive metals and gases
70
what can radium cause
bone and bone marrow tumours
71
what are the more sensitive tissues to radiation
those where cells are rapidly renewed, including: - embryonic tissues - haemopoetic organs - gonads - epidermis - intestinal mucous membranes
72
which tissues are least sensitive to radiation
connective tissue and muscle and nervous tissue
73
what are physical carcinogens
ultraviolet light that damages DNA and leads to skin cancer sunbeds
74
what are the vital carcinogens
dna viruses which are more common and this is when viral dna are inserted into host dna rna viruses which are reverse transcribed and then inserted
75
what tumour is formed from epstein barr virus
burkitts lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
76
what tumour is formed from hepatitis b
hepatocellular carcinoma
77
what tumour is formed from human papillomavirus
cervical and oropharyngeal carcinoma
78
what type of cancer is most common at 90%
carcinomas
79
which types of cancer are less common but occur most often in young people
lymphomas and sarcomas
80
what is the aetiology of oral cancer
multifactorial - many different lifestyle factors can lead to it including - tobacco - betel quid - alcohol - diet and nutrition - oral hygiene - viruses - immunodeficiency - socioeconomic factors - GORD
81
what is betel quid
chewing tobacco
82
what is leukoplakia
white patch that cannot be rubbed off or attributed to any other cause
83
does dysplasia affect underlying tissue of epithelium
no
84
which tissues can be affected by dysplasia
- squamous like oral and cervical - glandular like barretts oesophagus, colonic polyps - transitional like in the bladder
85
how is dyplasia identified
by changes in cell arrangement and appearance

Pathology and Immunity (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions