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Pathology and Immunity > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

describe innate immunity

A

this is the first line of defence, and has no memory or lasting protection
it is present from birth
effective as there is regular contact with potential pathogens
recruits immune cells to sites of infection

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2
Q

why is innate immunity described as non specific

A

the responses are broad spectrum

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3
Q

what do commensals do

A

these elicity low level immune responses

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4
Q

describe the series of events for immediate innate immunity

A

infection
recognition performed, non specific and broadly specific effectors
removal of infectious agent

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5
Q

describe the series of events in early induced innate responses

A

infection
recruitment of effector cells
recognition of PAMPs
activation of effector cells and inflammation
removal of infectious agent

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6
Q

describe the series of event in the adaptive immune response

A

infection
transport of antigen to lymphoid organs
recognition by naive B and T cells
clonal expansion and differentiation to effector cells
removal of an infectious agent

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7
Q

what are some compounds produced from epithelial barriers in the mouth

A

antimicrobial peptides
secetory IgA
lactoferrin
lysozyme
cystatins

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8
Q

what are the major families of antimicrobial peptides

A

B-defensins
human neutrophil peptides
cathelicidins

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9
Q

describe the response of immune modulation

A

monocytes, neutrophils and dendritic cells activate, attract and differentiate leukocytes

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10
Q

summarise secretory IgA

A

produced at mucosal surfaces
found in saliva
binds to flagella, can prevent motility
binds to and neutralises bacterial toxins
prevents attachment of bacteria to mucosal surfaces

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11
Q

what is lactoferrin

A

glycoprotein that transports iron ioons but has antimicrobial activity
present in saliva
produced by neutrophils

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12
Q

what is lysozyme

A

present in saliva
produced by macrophages and neutrophils
target cell walls of bacteria

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13
Q

what are cystatins

A

anti protease activity and support of remineralisation of the teeth

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14
Q

what protects epithelium

A

salivary components with antimicrobial activity

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15
Q

what are some examples of effector responses

A

phagocytosis
antigen presentation
degranulation
soluble mediators

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16
Q

what are antigens

A

receptors on immune cells for components of microorganisms

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17
Q

what are microbial antigens

A

toxins and virulence factors

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18
Q

what drives immune response

A

immune receptor activation

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19
Q

what are the main receptor types

A

toll like receptors

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20
Q

which toll like receptors aid in fungal recognition

A

dectin and glucan receptors

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21
Q

which receptors aid in bacterial recognition

A

NOD like receptors

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22
Q

which receptors aid in allergen recognition

A

protease activated receptors

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23
Q

what is PAMPS

A

pathogen
associated
molecular
patterns

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24
Q

what is PRRs

A

pattern recognition receptors

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25
Q

what are the soluble mediators produced by immune cells

A

cytokines and chemokines
complement proteins
antimicrobial peptides
enzymes
prostaglandins
leukotrienes
immunoglobins
growth factors
matrix mellatoproteinases

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26
Q

what are cytokines

A

small proteins
these are signalling molecules that coordinate immune responses
can be autocrine, paracrine or endocrine

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27
Q

what are the cytokine families

A

interleukin
TNF
interferons
unassigned

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28
Q

how do cytokines signal

A

through cytokine receptors.
the binding of cytokines induces conformational changes to lead to cell programming

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29
Q

what are chemokines

A

small signalling proteins predominantly involved in cell recruitment and direction

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30
Q

what is chemotaxis

A

the movement of a cell in the direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing/decreasing concentration of a substance

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31
Q

how do chemokines signal

A

through chemokine receptors on immune cells

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32
Q

what proteins is tissue homeostasis largely dependent on

A

cytokines and chemokines

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33
Q

what do pattern recognition receptors do

A

these recognise unique features of microbes and initiate inflammatory responses via activation of intracellular signalling pathways
this leads to switching on of genes

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34
Q

what is included in the immune cell network

A

epithelial cells
dendritic cells
macrophages
neutrophils
mast cells
NK cells

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35
Q

what is the main function of the immune cell network

A

microbial recognition and effector responses

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36
Q

what are the pattern recognition receptor types

A

toll like receptors
dectin receptors

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37
Q

what happens once there is receptor activation

A

intracellular signalling cascades, transcription, protein translation and effector responses

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38
Q

which form of immunity gives immunological memory

A

adaptive immunity

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39
Q

how long for an innate response

A

arise from a few hours up to a few days

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40
Q

why is the innate immune system extremely effective

A

the immune system comes in contact with many pathogens on a daily basis

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41
Q

what are the professional immune cells

A

defence cells

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42
Q

what are the non professional immune cells

A

epithelial cells that are the first thing the potential pathogen comes in contact with
also endothelial cells and fibroblasts

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43
Q

what is the innate immune system developed to do

A

recognise what is a commensal organism and what is a potential pathogenic organism

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44
Q

what is a commensal organism

A

a microorganism that does not cause disease

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45
Q

what is tissue homeostasis

A

the balancing out of inflammation levels

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46
Q

where are dendritic cells and macrophages found

A

beneath the epithelium

47
Q

when does the apative immune system become active

A

persistent pathogen

48
Q

what is the cellular barrier to infection

A

microbial recognition

49
Q

what is the initiating factor for inflammation

A

microorganisms

50
Q

what is the physical and anatomical barrier to infection

A

epithelium

51
Q

describe the killing action of LL-37

A

cathelicidin
spiral shape inserted into the cell membrane of the potential invading pathogen
once inserted, it will disrupt the membrane and lead to lysis of the cell

52
Q

what is the method of destruction for antimicrobial peptides

A

inserting into the membrane to disrupt it and lead to cell lysis
internalise themselves to infere with normal function of the cell
modulate the immune system to activate cells and increase attraction of circulating immune cells to the site of infection

53
Q

why can secretory IgA prevent the binding of bacteria to mucosal surfaces

A

can prevent the binding because of its structure as it has four binding sites. the four sites allow the secretory IgA to bind them and cult an invading pathogen to prevent it from attaching to the target epithelium

54
Q

what are effector responses examples of

A

what can occur in the innate immune system

55
Q

what leads to effector responses

A

microbial recognition

56
Q

what are the two components of innate immunity

A

epithelium and innate immune cells

57
Q

which substances orchestrate immune responses

A

cytokines and chemokines

58
Q

what is the name given to receptors that recognise uniqu features of microbes

A

pattern recognition receptors

59
Q

where are the immune cells present in the oral mucosa

A
  • tissue resident
  • from circulation
60
Q

what are the main cells in the oral mucosa that function in defense and immunity

A

neutrophils

61
Q

what is the most abundant defense cell type

A

neutrophils

62
Q

how do neutrophils know where the infection is

A

they are attracted along a CXCL8 gradient to the site of inflammation

63
Q

what is diapedesis

A

migration of immune cells out of circulation into blood vessel cell walls

64
Q

what are the receptors on the immune cells and endothelial cells

A

selectins
integrins
immunoglobin superfamily

65
Q

what are some mediators

A
  • cytokines
  • chemokines
  • complement proteins
  • antimicrobial peptides
  • enzymes
  • prostalglandins
  • leukotrienes
  • immunoglobins
  • growth factors
  • matric metalloproteinases
66
Q

how are some mediators released

A

through degranulation

67
Q

what are chemokines as a form of cytokines

A

chemotactic cytokines

68
Q

how does innate immune system respond

A

through effector responses

69
Q

what are granules

A

vesicles containing mediators

70
Q

what are found in granules

A

mediators like proteinases, antimicrobials and chemical mediators

71
Q

what moves neutrophils

A

chemokines, mainly interleukine 8. neutrophils move from an area of low concentration to high concentrations of the interleukin.

72
Q

how do neutrophils get to the site of infection from circulation

A

via blood vessel walls.
lymphocyte function associated antigen 1 is found on neutrophils to interact with endothelial cell receptors to get out of circulation

73
Q

what are the chemical mediators

A

leukotrienes
nitric oxide
histamine

74
Q

what is tissue homeostasis

A

this is the immune system working at an optimal level where it isnt overactive or underactive.
cytokine and chemokine balance is essential for this

75
Q

what are the main cell types that undergo degranulation

A

eosinophil
basophil
neutrophil
nk cell
mast cell

76
Q

describe what happens in degranulation

A

release of vesicles from the cell membrane, which contain soluble mediators.

77
Q

why can basophils and eosinophils take up parasites

A

they are larger than most

78
Q

why are basophils, eosinophils and mast cells associated with allergic reactions

A

they all release histamine

79
Q

what are the main roles of degranulation

A

vasodilation
increased vascular permeability of blood vessels
smooth muscle contraction
bronchoconstriction
neurotransmission (sensation of itching in allergies)

80
Q

what is NETosis

A

the mechanism of NET production, whereby the neutrophil produces proteins and genetic material to make an extracellular matrix that acts as a cobweb to encapsulate microbes

81
Q

what process is NETosis an example of

A

degranulation

82
Q

what are NETs

A

neutrophil extracellular traps

83
Q

what does activation of neutrophils lead to

A

release of proteins and chromatin to form a fibril matrix

84
Q

describe how natural killer cells lyse other cells

A

they release perforin to form a pore in the invading cell to allow granzymes to enter, break down its proteins and cause lysis of the cell.

85
Q

what is ADCC

A

antibody dependent cellular cytoxicity

86
Q

what is ADCC describing

A

lysis of the infected cell

87
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

a process utilised by phagocytes, cells like neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells

88
Q

what are the main roles of phagocytosis

A

degradation and removal of pathogenic threat
antigen presentation
break down and dispose of apoptopic cells

89
Q

what are the stages to phagocytosis

A

recognition
engulfment
phagosome
phagolysosome
cell digestion
residual bodies
exocytosis

90
Q

describe what happens in phagocytosis

A

Recognition of the microbe leads to engulfment which arises due to change in cell morphology. The cytoskeleton changes structure to allow for the engulfment. Once it has been engulfed, it will be stored in phagosome (phagocytic vesicle). Lysosome involved in step four to combine with phagosome to form phagolysosome to allow for the beginning of degradation of the invading microbe. Cell digestion is further degradation of the microbe, where it could be processed for antigen presentation. 4/5 can lead to antigen presentation or release of the components back into circulation after degradation. Residual bodies are indigestible that are released by the cell.

91
Q

what are the two receptors involved in antigen presentation

A

MHC1 and MHC2

92
Q

what do MHC1 receptors do

A

presentation of endogenous proteins like viral and tumour cells found on all nucleated cells in the host body

93
Q

what do MHC2 receptors do

A

involved in presentation of exogenous proteins
usually arises after phagocytosis
bacteria, fungi and parasites for example

94
Q

what are the three cells in the human body that can use MHC2 receptors to drive antigen presenting

A

dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells

95
Q

what does CD8+ do

A

drive cytoxicity to lead to lysis of the cells which is important endogenously

96
Q

what do CD4+ do

A

T helper cells to provide immunological memory for any exogenous proteins from bacteria, fungi and parasites

97
Q

what antigen presentation essential for

A

the link between innate and adaptive immunity - T cell and B cell responses are driven by this interaction at MHC surface

98
Q

describe t cell response

A

cell mediated

99
Q

describe b cell response

A

humoral

100
Q

what is the largest component of human blood

A

plasma

101
Q

what is contained in plasma

A

four connected, enzymatic cascade systems

102
Q

what are the enzymatic cascade systems within plasma

A

complement
kinins
coagulation factors
fibrinolytic system

103
Q

what are complement proteins

A

soluble mediators present in the circulation that are produced in the liver and released into circulation

104
Q

what is opsonisation

A

coating of an invading pathogen with C3B, giving rise to specific receptors for the protein on defence cells to drive phagocytosis

105
Q

what is the membrane attach complex

A

collection of complement proteins forming on the surface of a microbe

106
Q

what are the three main roles of complement proteins

A

opsonisation
inflammatory responses
membrane attach complex

107
Q

what are the three pathways of complement

A

classical pathway
alternative pathway
mannose binding lectin pathway

108
Q

what is the initiating factor for the classical complement pathway

A

antibody attached to a microbe

109
Q

what is the initiating factor for the alternative complement pathway

A

microbial cell wall

110
Q

what is the initiating factor for the mannose binding lectin pathway

A

microbial carbohydrates

111
Q

what is the name for complement proteins

A

anaphylatoxins

112
Q

what is the name for the process whereby neutrophils and other immune cells migrate to the site of infection

A

diapedesis

113
Q

what are the main effector responses arising from microbial recognition

A

degranulation
phagocytosis
antigen presentation

Pathology and Immunity (16 decks)

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