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Pathology and Immunity > Overview > Flashcards

Overview Flashcards

1
Q

what is immunology

A

the study of the immune system

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2
Q

what is pathology

A

the study of the causes and effects of disease

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3
Q

why is immunology and pathology important

A

to make the correct diagnosis
to give correct treatment
to understand systemic diseases
to make appropriate referrals
advise and educate patients

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4
Q

what is aetiology

A

the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition

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5
Q

what is morphology

A

the phenotypic changes associated with a disease

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6
Q

what is pathogenesis

A

progressive changes as diseases develop

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7
Q

what is sequalae

A

what happens next, intervention, looking at how this individual could be susceptible to developing other conditions as a result.
what makes it worse or prevents it from returning

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8
Q

what is macroscopic

A

visible to the naked eye

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9
Q

what is the aetiology of oral cancer

A

excessive alcohol and tobacco consumption leading to increased susceptibility

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10
Q

what is the morphology of oral cancer

A

carcinoma formation, which is usually macroscopic as people can see to their naked eye the formation of a cancerous lesion

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11
Q

what is the pathogenesis of oral cancer

A

processes of hyperplasia, dysplasia and neoplasia

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12
Q

what is the sequalae of oral cancer

A

radiotherapy, surgery and patient advice - intervene to prevent the disease from getting worse by telling the patient to reduce alcohol and tobacco consumption

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13
Q

what is the aetiology of periodontitis

A

bacterial origin from plaque - microorganisms found deep within the plaque

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14
Q

what does pathogenesis look at

A

what occurs in the immune system

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15
Q

what is the morphology of periodontitis

A

gingival tissue inflammation and tooth loss

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16
Q

what is the pathogenesis of periodontitis

A

bacterial protease activity, elevated pro inflammatory response in gingivae

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17
Q

what is the sequalae of periodontitis

A

physical depridement of plaque, removal of the infected tissue and patient advice

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18
Q

what is the aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis

A

environmental, genetic and other diseases can all lead to this disease

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19
Q

is periodontal disease and arthritis closely linked together

A

yes

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20
Q

what is the morphology of rheumatoid arthritis

A

joint inflammation

21
Q

what is the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis

A

elevated pro inflammatory response and osteoclast activity, circulating antibodies

22
Q

what is the sequalae of rheumatoid arthritis

A

NSAIDS, steroids, treatment of other diseases

23
Q

which systematic diseases are periodontitis linked with

A

diabetes
rheuamtoid arthritis
stroke
alzheimers disease

24
Q

what is a surgical seive

A

differential diagnosis in which the clinician must distinguish symptoms of a particular disease or condition from others that present similar clinical features

25
what connects the four main organs of the immune system
the lymphatic system
26
what are the four main organs of the lymphatic system
thymus bone marrow lymph nodes spleen
27
what is the origin of all immune cells in the body
the bone marrow
28
what is the thymus
small organ located behind the breast bone where the T cells mature
29
what is the bone marrow
the yellow tissue in the centre of the bones that is responsible for making white blood cells that are destined to become lymphocytes
30
what are the lymph nodes
small, bean shaped structures that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease when you have an infection your lymph nodes can get larger and feel sore
31
what is the spleen
the largest lymphatic organ in the body contains white blood cells that fight infection or disease and helps control the amount of blood in your body
32
what are the key functions of the lymphatic system
- link the key lymphatic organs - transport clean fluids back to the blood - drain excess fluid from tissues - remove debris from cells of the body - transport fats from the digestive system
33
what can the lymphatic system be described as
the motorway for immune cells to circulate
34
name all regions in the body involved in the immune system
- adenoid - tonsils - lymphnode - thymus - lymph vessel - thoracic duct - spleen - peyers patches in the small intestine - appendix - bone marrow
35
what are the two main branches of the immune system
innate immunity and adaptive immunity
36
what is innate immunity
the first line of non specific defence
37
what is adaptive immunity
specific and acquired. second line of defence.
38
what is meant by humoral
liquid or fluid - proteins and other things are produced by the cellular components
39
give a summary of innate immunity
first line of defence, non specific but effective, occurs within 1-4 days there is regular contact with pathogens with are destroyed within minutes or hours, only rarely causing disease
40
give a summary of adaptive immunity
second line of defence, specific and long lived. occurs within 4-10 days repeat infections met immediately with strong/specific response
41
what is inflammation
red, swollen, hot and sore. caused by invading microorganisms particulate materials like dust and prostheses can lead to altered self cells and transformed malignant cells
42
what happens if there is a repeat infection
the adaptive immune syste will meet the second infection with a more efficient response
43
why is it rare that the pathogen can lead to disease
the innate immune system can solve quickly
44
what are the stages of inflammation
initiation progression amplification resolution
45
what is the initiation of inflammation
response to harmful agents
46
what is progression of inflammation
the containment of the harmful agents
47
what is the amplification of inflammation
modulation of the immune response
48
what is the resolution of the inflammation
healing (acute inflammation) and failure to resolve, which is chronic inflammation
49
what can acute inflammation lead to if there is a failure of the body to resolve it
chronic inflammation

Pathology and Immunity (16 decks)

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