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Pathology and Immunity > Growth Disorders > Flashcards

Growth Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what can cause enamel hypoplasia

A

caused by a high level of fluoride affecting the formation of enamel

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2
Q

what is a hamartoma

A

a collection of normal cells but much greater than normal - not a benign tumour as it stops growing when a person ceases growth during childhood

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3
Q

what are moles

A

benign collections of melanocytes

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4
Q

what is a haemangioma

A

a large collection of normal blood vessels in an area

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5
Q

what is an odontoma

A

a haemangioma of the teeth

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6
Q

how many haemangiomas occur in the head and neck

A

60%

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7
Q

what happens to haemangiomas as people age

A

they regress in size and become no more than a red patch that may be slightly raised from the skin

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8
Q

why do vascular lesions within the oral cavity become more apparent as people age

A

because the epithelium thins with age due to atrophy

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9
Q

what syndrome is associated with haemangiomas

A

sturge weber syndrome

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10
Q

describe sturge weber syndrome

A

this is a syndrome causing formation of large haemangiomas that occur over the course of a particular nerve and are limited to certain areas like the course of the maxillary trigeminal nerve

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11
Q

what are are lymphangiomas

A

large lymphatic spaces filled with lymph. can occur in the head and neck

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12
Q

what is a cystic hygroma

A

a growth that develops on the side of the neck of newborn children that can be removed - a developmental defect

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13
Q

how can disorders of growth occur

A

either they are developmental or they are acquired

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14
Q

what are some developmental disorders associated with too little growth

A

agenesis
aplasia
hypoplasia

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15
Q

what is agenesis

A

this is when an organ does not develop at all - genetic defect or through mechanical cause

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16
Q

what is aplasia

A

this is when an organ fails to develop a normal structure from the primitive embryonic structure

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17
Q

what is hypoplasia

A

this is when there is less tissue being formed, and there is a normal structure

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18
Q

what is an example of a growth disorder in the oral cavity related to too little growth

A

enamel hypoplasia resulting from over fluoride consumption

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19
Q

what are formed in developmental disorders resulting in too much growth

A

hamartomas

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20
Q

what are hamartomas

A

these are tumour like growths that will only grow in the patient’s growth period, but they are excessive

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21
Q

what are examples of hamartomas

A
  • pigmented naevi
  • haemangioma
  • lymphangioma
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22
Q

when do haemangiomas form

A

they are present at birth

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23
Q

what is a haemangioma actually called if it develops later in life

A

a vascular malformation

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24
Q

what are the two types of haemangiomas

A

capillary
cavernous

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25
describe the features of lympangioma and where they are most likely to occur
they are mostly cavernous and appear on the tongue often or as cystic hygromas in newborn children
26
what is a cystic hygroma an example of
a lymphangioma
27
what is a naevus
a mole
28
a mole is an aggregation of which type of cell
melanocytes
29
what are developmental disorders that result in cells growing in the wrong place
ectopia
30
what is ectopia
this is when there is a normal tissue in an abnormal site
31
what are examples of ectopic disoders
meckels diverticulum - an outpouch of the small intestine that can contain gastric type mucosa
32
what is an ectopic tooth
a normal tooth found in the wrong position like in the back of the mouth
33
what are acquired growth disorders
these are what happens when cells adapt to environmental stresses
34
what are some acquired growth disorders
- atrophy - hypertrophy - hyperplasia - metaplasia - dysplasia
35
what are the two kinds of atrophy
pathological or physiological
36
what is atrophy
reduction in the size and number of cells
37
what are the mechanisms of atrophy
- reduction in structural components of the cell organelles which leads to reduced size - imbalance of cell loss and production - may involve apoptosis
38
what are the localised causes of atrophy
- ischaemia - pressure from tumours - disuse - autoimmune - idiopathic
39
what are the generalised causes of atrophy
- nutritional - senile - endocrine
40
what causes an atrophic mandible
when teeth are lost there is a loss of the mechanical loading on the mandible which eventually leads to atrophy
41
what is osteoporosis related to
physical activity ageing hormones menopause
42
why does menopause cause osteoporis
reduced oestrogen levels leads to reduced inhibition of osteoclastogenesis
43
what is hyperplasia
this is an increase in cell numbers resulting in increased tissue size and function but once the stimulus is removed it returns to normal
44
what kind of cell are affected in hyperplasia
labile cells
45
what are the causes of hyperplasia
can be pathological or physiological
46
describe gingival hyperplasia
- increased thickness of the gingiva - involves all the teeth - person on anti epileptic drugs and combined with poor oral hygiene this leads to the development of hyperplasia - once hygiene is improved, gingiva could return to normal or periodontal surgery can be carried out
47
what are the main causes of pathological hyperplasia
- hormonal - chronic injury and inflammation - HPV
48
describe the hormonal causes of pathological hyperplasia
endocrine stimulation by hormone producing organs
49
what is benign prostatic hyperplasia
hyperplasia of target organs
50
how does chronic injury and inflammation lead to hyperplasia
stimulated by inflammatory cytokines and growth factors hyperplasia of bone marrow and lymphoid tissue
51
what can HPV cause hyperplasia of
the epithelium
52
what are the mechanisms of hyperplasia
growth factor driven proliferation of cells and increased output of cells from stem cells
53
describe liver regeneration through hyperplasia
new hepatocytes being produced to replace missing or damaged tissue in the liver
54
what is hypertrophy
increased cell size due to increased production of cellular proteins
55
what condition does hypertrophy often occur alongside
hyperplasia
56
what cells are affected in pure hypertrophy
cells with limited mitotic ability
57
what is the mechanical stimulus of skeletical hypertrophy
exercise, physiological
58
what is the mechanical stimulus of hyperplasia of smooth muscle
pregnancy, returns to normal after birth, physiological
59
what is the mechanical stimulus of the hypertrophy of cardiac muscle
left ventricular hypertrophy during hypertension, pathological, can lead to infarction
60
what results in goitre
result of dietary iodine deficiency
61
what does goitre lead to
a decreased synthesis of thyroid hormone and increased synthesis of thyroid stimulating hormone leading to thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia together
62
what is metaplasia
change from one differentiated form of a tissue to another
63
what kind of response is metaplasia
adaptive
64
what causes metaplasia
changes in environmental demand
65
what are the two kinds of metaplasia
epithelial and mesenchymal
66
describe epithelial metaplasia
squamous metaplasia and mucous metaplasia
67
describe mesenchymal metaplasia
osseous - change in fibrous or muscular tissue
68
what is metaplasia
programming of stem cells or undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
69
what kind of metaplasia occurs in smokers
ciliated columnar epithelium to squamous metaplasia
70
what is the metaplastic changes in barretts oesophagus
squamous to columnar due to gastric acid reflux
71
what is dysplasia
disordered growth that can occur in metaplastic tissue mostly seen in epithelia the severity can indicate that there is the potential for malignant change
72
what is neoplasia
an abnormal mass of tissue with excessive growth uncoordinated with that of normal tissues and persists after the provoking tissue is removed benign and maligannt tumours
73
what is an example of a benign neoplasia
squamous cell papilloma
74
what is an example of malignant neoplasia
squamous cell carcinoma
75
what makes neoplasia different to hyperplasia
continues to grow even after stimulus is removed

Pathology and Immunity (16 decks)

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