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Pathology and Immunity > Growth Disorders > Flashcards

Growth Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what can cause enamel hypoplasia

A

caused by a high level of fluoride affecting the formation of enamel

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2
Q

what is a hamartoma

A

a collection of normal cells but much greater than normal - not a benign tumour as it stops growing when a person ceases growth during childhood

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3
Q

what are moles

A

benign collections of melanocytes

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4
Q

what is a haemangioma

A

a large collection of normal blood vessels in an area

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5
Q

what is an odontoma

A

a haemangioma of the teeth

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6
Q

how many haemangiomas occur in the head and neck

A

60%

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7
Q

what happens to haemangiomas as people age

A

they regress in size and become no more than a red patch that may be slightly raised from the skin

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8
Q

why do vascular lesions within the oral cavity become more apparent as people age

A

because the epithelium thins with age due to atrophy

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9
Q

what syndrome is associated with haemangiomas

A

sturge weber syndrome

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10
Q

describe sturge weber syndrome

A

this is a syndrome causing formation of large haemangiomas that occur over the course of a particular nerve and are limited to certain areas like the course of the maxillary trigeminal nerve

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11
Q

what are are lymphangiomas

A

large lymphatic spaces filled with lymph. can occur in the head and neck

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12
Q

what is a cystic hygroma

A

a growth that develops on the side of the neck of newborn children that can be removed - a developmental defect

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13
Q

how can disorders of growth occur

A

either they are developmental or they are acquired

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14
Q

what are some developmental disorders associated with too little growth

A

agenesis
aplasia
hypoplasia

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15
Q

what is agenesis

A

this is when an organ does not develop at all - genetic defect or through mechanical cause

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16
Q

what is aplasia

A

this is when an organ fails to develop a normal structure from the primitive embryonic structure

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17
Q

what is hypoplasia

A

this is when there is less tissue being formed, and there is a normal structure

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18
Q

what is an example of a growth disorder in the oral cavity related to too little growth

A

enamel hypoplasia resulting from over fluoride consumption

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19
Q

what are formed in developmental disorders resulting in too much growth

A

hamartomas

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20
Q

what are hamartomas

A

these are tumour like growths that will only grow in the patient’s growth period, but they are excessive

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21
Q

what are examples of hamartomas

A
  • pigmented naevi
  • haemangioma
  • lymphangioma
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22
Q

when do haemangiomas form

A

they are present at birth

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23
Q

what is a haemangioma actually called if it develops later in life

A

a vascular malformation

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24
Q

what are the two types of haemangiomas

A

capillary
cavernous

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25
Q

describe the features of lympangioma and where they are most likely to occur

A

they are mostly cavernous and appear on the tongue often or as cystic hygromas in newborn children

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26
Q

what is a cystic hygroma an example of

A

a lymphangioma

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27
Q

what is a naevus

A

a mole

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28
Q

a mole is an aggregation of which type of cell

A

melanocytes

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29
Q

what are developmental disorders that result in cells growing in the wrong place

A

ectopia

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30
Q

what is ectopia

A

this is when there is a normal tissue in an abnormal site

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31
Q

what are examples of ectopic disoders

A

meckels diverticulum - an outpouch of the small intestine that can contain gastric type mucosa

32
Q

what is an ectopic tooth

A

a normal tooth found in the wrong position like in the back of the mouth

33
Q

what are acquired growth disorders

A

these are what happens when cells adapt to environmental stresses

34
Q

what are some acquired growth disorders

A
  • atrophy
  • hypertrophy
  • hyperplasia
  • metaplasia
  • dysplasia
35
Q

what are the two kinds of atrophy

A

pathological or physiological

36
Q

what is atrophy

A

reduction in the size and number of cells

37
Q

what are the mechanisms of atrophy

A
  • reduction in structural components of the cell organelles which leads to reduced size
  • imbalance of cell loss and production
  • may involve apoptosis
38
Q

what are the localised causes of atrophy

A
  • ischaemia
  • pressure from tumours
  • disuse
  • autoimmune
  • idiopathic
39
Q

what are the generalised causes of atrophy

A
  • nutritional
  • senile
  • endocrine
40
Q

what causes an atrophic mandible

A

when teeth are lost there is a loss of the mechanical loading on the mandible which eventually leads to atrophy

41
Q

what is osteoporosis related to

A

physical activity
ageing
hormones
menopause

42
Q

why does menopause cause osteoporis

A

reduced oestrogen levels leads to reduced inhibition of osteoclastogenesis

43
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

this is an increase in cell numbers resulting in increased tissue size and function but once the stimulus is removed it returns to normal

44
Q

what kind of cell are affected in hyperplasia

A

labile cells

45
Q

what are the causes of hyperplasia

A

can be pathological or physiological

46
Q

describe gingival hyperplasia

A
  • increased thickness of the gingiva
  • involves all the teeth
  • person on anti epileptic drugs and combined with poor oral hygiene this leads to the development of hyperplasia
  • once hygiene is improved, gingiva could return to normal or periodontal surgery can be carried out
47
Q

what are the main causes of pathological hyperplasia

A
  • hormonal
  • chronic injury and inflammation
  • HPV
48
Q

describe the hormonal causes of pathological hyperplasia

A

endocrine stimulation by hormone producing organs

49
Q

what is benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

hyperplasia of target organs

50
Q

how does chronic injury and inflammation lead to hyperplasia

A

stimulated by inflammatory cytokines and growth factors
hyperplasia of bone marrow and lymphoid tissue

51
Q

what can HPV cause hyperplasia of

A

the epithelium

52
Q

what are the mechanisms of hyperplasia

A

growth factor driven proliferation of cells and increased output of cells from stem cells

53
Q

describe liver regeneration through hyperplasia

A

new hepatocytes being produced to replace missing or damaged tissue in the liver

54
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

increased cell size due to increased production of cellular proteins

55
Q

what condition does hypertrophy often occur alongside

A

hyperplasia

56
Q

what cells are affected in pure hypertrophy

A

cells with limited mitotic ability

57
Q

what is the mechanical stimulus of skeletical hypertrophy

A

exercise, physiological

58
Q

what is the mechanical stimulus of hyperplasia of smooth muscle

A

pregnancy, returns to normal after birth, physiological

59
Q

what is the mechanical stimulus of the hypertrophy of cardiac muscle

A

left ventricular hypertrophy during hypertension, pathological, can lead to infarction

60
Q

what results in goitre

A

result of dietary iodine deficiency

61
Q

what does goitre lead to

A

a decreased synthesis of thyroid hormone and increased synthesis of thyroid stimulating hormone leading to thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia together

62
Q

what is metaplasia

A

change from one differentiated form of a tissue to another

63
Q

what kind of response is metaplasia

A

adaptive

64
Q

what causes metaplasia

A

changes in environmental demand

65
Q

what are the two kinds of metaplasia

A

epithelial and mesenchymal

66
Q

describe epithelial metaplasia

A

squamous metaplasia and mucous metaplasia

67
Q

describe mesenchymal metaplasia

A

osseous - change in fibrous or muscular tissue

68
Q

what is metaplasia

A

programming of stem cells or undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

69
Q

what kind of metaplasia occurs in smokers

A

ciliated columnar epithelium to squamous metaplasia

70
Q

what is the metaplastic changes in barretts oesophagus

A

squamous to columnar due to gastric acid reflux

71
Q

what is dysplasia

A

disordered growth that can occur in metaplastic tissue
mostly seen in epithelia
the severity can indicate that there is the potential for malignant change

72
Q

what is neoplasia

A

an abnormal mass of tissue with excessive growth
uncoordinated with that of normal tissues and persists after the provoking tissue is removed
benign and maligannt tumours

73
Q

what is an example of a benign neoplasia

A

squamous cell papilloma

74
Q

what is an example of malignant neoplasia

A

squamous cell carcinoma

75
Q

what makes neoplasia different to hyperplasia

A

continues to grow even after stimulus is removed

Pathology and Immunity (16 decks)

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