Period 8.2 Flashcards
Feminine Mystique
book caused second-wave feminism in US; author Betty Friedan focused on college-edu women, argued they’d be fulfilled by doing paid labor outside home, immediate result focused attention on Amer rhetoric vs reality, same year (1963) Equal Pay Act; barred sex disc in workplace, Civil Rights Act of 1964, later NOW made
UFW
boycott that mobilized Latino communities throughout Southwest + drew national attention to pitiful wages & oppressive working conditions of imm laborers
significance: Cesar Chavez (labor activist) pressured growers to agree to labor contracts with UFW, short for United Farms Workers union
Civil Rights Act 1964
law that outlawed discrimination of race and sex in public accommodations and employment, during beginning of Johnson’s presidency, did not address right to vote in South; Freedom Summer instead
Voting Rights Act 1965
enforced 15th amendment, prohibited state and local govts from using any laws designed to keep minorities from voting (literacy test); this law enforcement mainly in South, black southerners finally regained suffrage stripped from them at turn of 20th century
Malcolm X
He insisted blacks must control the political and economic resources of their communities and rely on their own efforts rather than working with whites, muslim assassinated
Greensboro Sit-ins
reflected mounting frustration at slow pace of racial change
SNCC
Ella Baker founded in 1960 to coordinate civil rights sit-ins and other forms of grassroots protest, Dedicated to replace segregation with community of racial justice, Also to empower blacks to control decisions that affect their lives; cannot trust adults, Raleigh, North Carolina, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Immigration Act 1965
eliminated National Origins Act 1924 that based quotas on nation origin, led to radical change in origins of immigrants to the US, with Asians and Latin Americans outnumbering Europeans (previous national;-origins quota system of immigration excluded Asians and severely restricted southern + eastern Europeans), Established 1st limit (120k) from newcomers of Western Hemisphere; created “illegal aliens” category, Set annual imm quote 20k ppl for every country=guaranteed unauthorized MX imm cuz MX labor > quote=amer saw all MX as illegal, Called Immigration Law, 1965 Hart-Celler Act
Phyllis Schlafly
against Equal Rights Amendment, major role in Religious Right and Equal Rights Amendment successfully not passed, major victory for conservative movement, equal rights amendment WOULD HAVE barred sexist legal inequalities, 1960s evangelicals demanded reversal of Supreme Court decisions (banning prayer in pub school, allowance of pornography in free speech, legalization of abortion) yet utilized modern tech well to promote
March on Washington
civil rights demonstration Aug 28 1963 where blacks and white allied for civil rights; also where Martin Luther King Jr. “I Have a Dream” at Lincoln Memorial, Largest public demonstration during time, goals: a civil rights bill, public-works program for reduce unemployment, increase in minimum wage, banning discrimin in employment, revealed how black movement forged alliance w whites for racial & econ justice, however revealed movement’s limitations and tensions; John Lewis (SNCC leader)’s speech foreshadowed more militant turn of movement
Affirmative Action
required employers with fed contracts to take affirmative action to ensure equal opportunity based on race, color, religion, national origin, increased minority rep in colleges, professions, businesses, Philadelphia Plan required construct contractors on fed projects hire specific amt of minority workers; Shultz wanted more black opportunities, Nixon wanted dissension btwn blacks and labor unions (democratic pillars) so Republicans could benefit from inflation going down, Nixon eventually abandoned for ineffective one where voluntary efforts of locals would hire minority instead of fed req
Miranda v. Arizona
individual in police custody must be informed of right to remain silent, right to lawyer, and anything they say can be used in court, became standard police practice, “Miranda warnings/rights”
Birmingham Protests
demonstrations in towns and cities in South of black discontent (education, employment, housing); culmination in Birmingham, Alabama, police violence against black school children broadcasted > Presd Kennedy endorse movement’s goals, Also forced whites to decide have more similarities with black people who want basic rights or violent segregationists, Martin Luther King Jr. 9 day prison term for violating ban on demonstrations > Letter from Birmingham Jail; responded to local clergymen by writing of black southerner abuse
Hector P. Garcia
founded american GI forum, advocated mex amer rights, first Mexican-American member of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission and was awarded the Medal of Freedom
Selma March
King attempted to lead march from Selma to Montgomery but marchers were met with Alabama police violence, broadcasted > Johnson ask Congress for law securing right to vote > Voting Rights Act of 1965, AKA “bloody Sunday”, John Lewis participated
Martin Luther King Jr.
Letter from Birmingham, “I Have a Dream” during March on Washington, launched Selma March, launched Chicago Freedom movement, assassination led to Open Housing Act
Lester Maddox/George Wallace
PINK southern democrats who supported segregation
American Indian Movement
1963 start of protests bc Nat Amer fed up w poor conditions on Indian reservations + fed govt ≠ help; 1973 movement led 200 Sioux in occupation of Wounded Knee; 10wk standoff w feds > govt agree to reexamine Indian treaty rights > occupation ended, 1969 “Indians of All Tribes” occupied Alcatraz Island cuz “illegally seized” > launched Red Power movement > tribes win more control over education and economic development on reservation + land claim suits
Equal Rights Amendment
amendment to guarantee equal rights for women introduced 1923 not passed until 1972; failed to be ratified by states bc of conservative women
Silent Majority
ordinary amers who believed change had gone too far, law and order, republican, Nixon supporters
26th amendment
18+ years cannot be denied right to vote
Tet Offensive
1968 Tactical loss for North, but political and psychological victory (loss of american public support) emphasized the “credibility gap”, VC + N Viet troops surprised Amer military leaders with uprisings throughout S Viet > US inflicted heavy losses onto them, however, this was broadcasted and amer now against war bc misled by govt (Johnson administration) who repeatedly said victory was “just around the corner”, Johnson rejected military req to send 200k troops to Vietnam bc public support gone, Also didn’t reelect
Gulf of Tonkin Incident
N Viet vessels encountered Amer spy ship > fire it!! > Gulf of Tonkin resolution
