period 4 Flashcards
What is the “Corrupt Bargain”? When did it occur? Why? Who was involved?
Henry Clay lost election of 1824 so he threw support behind Adams and was rewarded with the secretary of state position. Made it impossible for him to be president, thought Adams was most qualified (american system), western jackson >:(, adam+clay=Whig Party, Crawford+Jackson=other side
What did the Hartford Convention demonstrate?
Jefferson and Madison ended the federalist party. Federalists got together to protest the War of 1812, affirmed the right of the state to “interpose” authority if the federal government violated the Constitution.
What caused the Panic of 1819 and what were the effects?
financial collapse from cotton prices falling, declining demand for American exports, and reckless western land speculation, caused by the end of war 1812. Bank of US and state banks began asking for payments from who they loaned; farmers and businessmen who couldn’t repay declared bankruptcy, and unemployment rose in eastern cities, severely disrupted political harmony of previous years, broke people pressed government for assist, caused suspension of collecting debts, kentucky made bank that handed out paper money which creditors were forced to accept as payment- eased burden on farmers but harmed loaners, increase american distrust of banks-undermined rep of second US bank(was blamed for causing panic), states began taxing local branches of it led to mcculloch v maryland
When did the battle of New Orleans occur? Why? Who was involved? What was the outcome and why was it important?
the last battle of War of 1812, occurred Jan8 1815; weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was signed because no Amer ships were informed and Brits wanted part of Louisiana Purchase. victory increased Jacksons popularity and aided him in the Election of 1824 (important). Morgan, Pakenham Lambert, Lafitte, Harrison
What was the principal purpose of the American System? Who devised it?
Henry Clay devised it. Infant industries deserve protection, agriculture supported with manufacturing, and needed roads. New national bank tariff on imported goods to protect US manufacturers, federal financing of improved roads and canals (controversial).
What major events occurred during the War of 1812? What ended the War of 1812?
Sep 1813 Commodore Oliver H. Perry defeated the British naval force on Lake Erie despite how Brits pride themselves as a powerful navy. Fort McHenry (fort in Baltimore Harbor unsuccessfully bombarded by Brits Sept1814; Francis Scott Key, witness, wrote Star-Spangled Banner). Battle of the Thames, Tecumseh died (sided with Brits) by William Henry Harrison’s amer force. 1813 Pro-assimilation Cherokees and Creeks under Jackson defeated Red STicks (hostile Creeks) at Battle of Horseshoe Bend in Alabama (800 killed); Jackson req all Indians cede more than 1 ⁄ 2 land (23 acres) to fed govt. Battle of New Orleans; Jackson, greatest victory in war. Treaty of Ghent 1814 ended it because neither side wanted to continue.
Who was Tecumseh and why was he important?
Tecumseh was a Shawnee Indian chief who believed Indians must unite to claim “common and equal right in the land.” repudiated chiefs who sold land to the fed govt. Also refused to sign the Treaty of Greenville 1795. Formed Indian confederation. brother Tenskwata, a religious prophet called for complete separation from whites, revival of trade indian culture, and resistance to fed policies. fought for british, death marked end of indian resistance
What are Lowell Mills? Who worked for them? Where are they located? What was life like being a “Mill Girl”?
Textile mills relying on female and child labor. Located in Lowell, Massachusetts. Mills girls enjoyed new freedoms and independence. They were allowed to leave home to participate in the public world, even went on strike in 1834.
In what ways was western farming affected by the market revolution?
reated new opportunities for farmers who profited from growing demand at home and abroad for amer agricultural products, created largely mobile population not tied to local communities; wanted to seize opportunities offered by econ change, prevented US from following path of europe (fixed social classes), gave new def to pursuit of happiness, farmer linked to world markets and made major consumers of manufacture goods. eastern cities became a market for produce and a source of credit. Loans from eastern banks and insurance companies financed acquisition of land and supplies and 1840s-1850s purchase of fertilizers and new agricultural machinery. Steel plow (John Deere 1837) mass produced by the 1850s made possible rapid subduction of western prairies. The reaper (horse-drawn machine) greatly increased the wheat farmer harvest-Cyrus McCormick 1831; tens of thousands used the eve before Civil war, 1840-1860 amer wheat tripled and consumed only within the country
Who is Robert Fulton and why is he important?
Creator of the steamboat, could go up and down river, helped bring economic growth to Trans-Appalachian West, farmers could send goods to markets, facilitated growth of plantations, opened new lands to settlement, enterprises easier to sell products, increase speed, lowered expense of commerce, rapid transport across great lakes and atlantic ocean.
What is significant about the Louisiana Purchase? Who oversaw the transaction? Who opposed the purchase? Why did people support the purchase? What are the results of the Louisiana Purchase?
Pres Jefferson’s 1803 purchase from France the important port of New Orleans, more than doubled territory at only $15mil, Jefferson wanted American access to New Orleans port, & while the Treaty of Sans Lorenzo (Pinckney’s Treaty) between US and Spain reassured the right to trade (important for western farmers), Jefferson feared French interference. ended French presence in N Amer; According to Madison in Federalist no. 10, this made self government possible. federalists didn’t like: giving away money (didn’t have a lot) for land (had too much), People supported bc jefferson favored removal of indian tribes refusing to cooperate in “civilizing” themselves beyond Miss R and wanted bc for “our increasing numbers.” 1800 400k amer settlers lived west of app mtns. under Armour rule, Louisiana retained the principle of “community property” (women in Spanish and French civil codes recognized women as co-owners of fam property) within marriage. Jeff did many things not in constitution
Explain Marbury v. Madison.
First Supreme Court decision to declare fed law (Judiciary Act of 1801) unconst.Madison (Jefferson’s secretary of state) refused to issue commissions (official docs entitling them to assume their posts) to “midnight judges.” Marshall declared unconst via Judiciary Act of 1789;allowed courts to order executive officials to deliver judge’s commissions. Marbury may have been entitled to his commission, but according to Comst, the Court had no power to order him to deliver. “Judicial review” - a the supreme court’s right to determine if an act of Congress violates Const
Explain McCulloch v. Maryland.
1819 US Supreme Court decision in which Chief Justice John Marshall, holding that Maryland could not tax the SEcond Bank of the United States, supported the authority of the federal government versus the states. Broad interpretation of government powers, marshall declared bank was legitimate congress authority under the Constitution’s clause that allowed Congress to pass “necessary and proper” laws
What is the lasting legacy of Chief Justice John Marshall in the United States?
Constitution interp (loose) + judicial review (supreme court assumed the right to determine whether an act of congress violates the constitution), court could review state and congress laws, national supremacy, and increase in judicial branch power in balance with other branches, strengthen national authority of supreme court, defined corporate charters issued by states as contracts-future lawmakers could not rescind, Fletcher v. Peck extended judicial review to state laws, got court to assert power through major cases, established federal authority
Why did President Jefferson enact a trade embargo? How was it received?
(1803 war) The Embargo Act of 1807 was enacted to exert economic pressure by prohibiting all exports from the US instead of war reaction to British Royal Navy impressment of American sailors.Jefferson banned all Amer vessels sailing for foreign ports anyways, but in 1808 Amer exports plummeted 80% and neither Britain nor France noticed. Embargo devastated American port cities’ economy, smugglers easily circumvented and it was repealed in 2yrs via Non-Intercourse act; banned trade w only Brit & France, however commerce resumed if either side revoked edicts against amer shipping.
