Period 7.2 Flashcards
1
Q
Henry Ford
A
made moving assembly line, america first committe-against involvement in europe
2
Q
The Wright Brothers
A
Wilbur Wright and brother Orville made the first powered flight in 1903, circling the Statue of Liberty six years later; WWI revealed the military uses for this new technology
3
Q
Al Capone
A
made a huge profit illegally selling alcohol bc of Prohibition during Great Depression, ran soup kitchens
4
Q
Warren G Harding
A
president 1921 promised “return to normalcy” after Progressive era+WW1; administration became one of most corrupt in Amer history; surrounded himself with cronies using offices for personal gain, drank despite prohibition, affair with Nan Britton
5
Q
Calvin Coolidge
A
Laissez faire, won presd vote in Election of 1924 after Harding’s presidency, Harding’s scandals subsided but still kept Harding’s big business policies, national fame for use state troops against Boston Policemen 1919
6
Q
Louis Armstrong
A
writer/poet, black entertainer that played the hotel-casinos on the “strip” but couldnt stay as guests where performed (Las Vegas); example of strict segregation
7
Q
Radicals
A
person who follows strong convictions or extreme principles
8
Q
Anarchists
A
believes gov is harmful and unnecessary, no authority
8
Q
Socialists
A
political party demanding public ownership of US major economic enterprises and reforms like recognition of labor unions and woman suffrage, Immediate reforms such as free college education, legislation to improve the condition of laborers, democratic control over the economy through public ownership of railroads and factories
9
Q
Communists
A
during 1930s remarkable growth and allied with socialists and New Dealers for reform (not revolution) of capitalism; the Popular Front
10
Q
Sacco and Vanzetti *
A
italian imms/anarchists accused of murdering a security officer/robbery were executed and sparked public outrage, were probably innocent
11
Q
Clarence Darrow
A
defended John Scopes in the Scopes Trial, opened door to nonliteral interpretation of the Bible fundamentalists rejected by proving William Jennings Bryan ignorant of modern science
12
Q
William Jennings Bryan
A
in Scopes Trial as an “expert witness” on Bible and argued between science and Christianity (as a christian) with Clarence Darrow; showed ignorance of modern science
13
Q
Anti-Saloon League
A
the leading organization lobbying for prohibition in the United States in the early 20th century; 18th Amendment (prohibition) 1919=strict prohibition law enforcement, but after repealed organization no longer important
14
Q
WCTU
A
Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 1874, Progressive era’s larget fem org, went from prohibit alcohol bc men abuse wives and blow money on alcohol to a program of economic and political reform (like the right to vote), Frances Willard = group presd
15
Q
F. Scott Fitzgerald
A
lost gen
16
Q
Glenn Curtiss
A
pioneer aviator and leading amer manuf of aircraft when US enter WWI, founder of the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, company sold the first airplanes in the USA.
17
Q
Charles Lindbergh
A
1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic; intense press coverage of this man occurred, a leader of the America First Committee-against involv in europe
18
Q
Flappers
A
young sexually liberated women, bobs, short dresses, smoked drank
19
Q
Alice Paul
A
leader of National Woman’s Party, how can US fight for democracy abroad when women dont have it, promoted Equal Rights Amendment, proposed to eliminate all legal distinctions based on sex; women needed equal access to employment, education, etc; ultimately failed
20
Q
Carrie Chapman Catt
A
presd of National American Woman Suffrage Association, thought immigrants and former slaves enfranchised w “ill-advised haste”
21
Q
Marcus Garvey
A
leading spokesman for Negro Nationalism (exalted blackness, black cultural expression and black exclusiveness), called on blacks to liberate from white culture and create own businesses, cultural centers and newspaper, founder of universal negro improvement association
22
Q
Lost Generation*
A
conservatism of US politics and materialism of culture caused some artists and writers to immigrate to Paris, europe valued art/culture, and appreciated unrestrained freedom of expression
23
Q
Ernest Hemingway
A
lost gen
24
Langston Hughes
writer, poet, and activist that was one of most prominent in the Harlem Renaissance
25
Herbert Hoover
“Food will win the war,” unliked and did little during the Great Depression bc believed fed gov shouldnt intervene in economy, excessive gov spending, believed in voluntarism
26
FDR
was president 4 terms, New Deal, 2nd WWII
27
Andrew Mellon
wealthy secretary of the treasury during hoover’s presidency, told Hoover economic downturns were normal and weeded out unproductive firms and encouraged moral virtue among less fortunate people
28
John Maynard Keynes
british economist, severe critic of 1919 Versailles treaty, 1936 The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money - challenged econ trad belief of balanced budgets
29
Father Charles Coughlin
“radio priest” millions of listeners w/weekly broadcasts atk Wall Street bankers + greedy capitalists and called to combat Delression w/ gov owning key indust, considered New Deal a failure and criticized president, anti-semitism and European fascism, america first committee-against involvement in europe
30
Francis Townsend
made a plan where gov monthly pay $200 to older amer w/req immediate spending; suggestion of discontent helped spark Second New Deal; Townsend Clubs
31
Frances Perkins
Secretary of Labor, Hull House veteran and New York Consumers’ League, one of workers FDR relied on for advice during Depression and 1st woman appointed to US cabinet
32
Huey Long
“Kingfish,” launched Share our Wealthy Movement (alt to New Deal; proposed to confiscate large personal fortunes to guarantee poor families $5000 and workers annual income $2500, pensions, reduce working hours, pay veteran business, ensure college ed)
33
Dorothea Lange
photographer, depression farmers
34
John Steinbeck
wrote The Grapes of Wrath about fam escaping dust bowl OK to Cali
35
Eleanor Roosevelt
transformed role of First Lady; position w/no formal responsibility > base for political action racial equality, poor ppl
36
Francisco Franco
general, became fascist leader of spain
37
Benito Mussolini
italian dictator, founder of facism
38
Adolf Hitler
german dictator
39
Joseph Stalin
leader of soviet union
40
Hideki Tojo
military leader who served as japanese prime minister during most of WWII
41
Emperor Hirohito
japan leader
42
Flying Tigers
group of amer volunteer fighter pilots recruited to send supplies to china and engage in combat with Japanese
43
Navajo Code Talkers *
employed by US military to send messages in the unwritten, extremely complex navajo language so japan couldnt crack
44
Tuskegee Airmen*
AA fighter pilots
all AA fighter group 1941, 332nd fighter group, est in tuskegee, alabama, contributed to integration of army, first black military airmen
45
Douglas MacArthur
commanded us army in the southwest pacific theater
46
Dwight D. Eisenhower
appointed by Marshall as US commander of European theater of operations, chosen as supreme commander of the allied forces
47
Admiral Nimitz
“fleet admiral of the US navy” commander of the us and allied forces for the pacific fleet
48
George Patton
tanky tank, expert in tank warfare, led invasions of north africa and sicily
49
Omar Bradley
known by troops as “GI’s general” commanded troops who went ashore at utah and omaha beaches in normandy
50
Rosie the Riveter*
propaganda symbol used to help increase # of women working factory jobs WWII
50
Albert Einstein*
told FDR germans were building atomic weapon so US should too, then immigrated to US,
50
Harry Truman
1945 took over FDR as pres after death
51
President Harding's foreign policy during the early 1920s *
“Return to normalcy”: decreased navy troops, isolationism
52
Radio advertising
fundamentalists used to promote antimodernists
53
Teapot Dome Scandal
Harding admin scandal in which Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall profited 500,000 from secret leasing to private oil companies of gov oil reserves at teapot dome, wyoming, and elk hills california
54
Jazz
upbeat and optimistic to help deal w/ war
55
Harlem Renaissance*
black culture revival, creation of jazz
african amer literary+artistic movement of 1920s centered in NY City’s Harlem neighborhood, active writers: Langston Hughes, Jean Toomer, Zora Neale Hurston, Countee Cullen
56
Great Migration*
most AA but everyone looked for jobs in north
large scale migration of southern blacks during+after WWI to North where jobs available during labor shortage of war
57
Suburbs
commute to work
58
Birth control
women were taking control of their reproduction; one method was via the diaphragm
59
New Morality
sexual freedom in increase of birth control, divorces, frank discussion of sexual topics
60
Prohibition
no alcohol, immoral
61
Speakeasies
nightclubs that sold liquor in violation of Prohibition
62
Consumerism
heavy industry to production of consumer goods and ability to consume + choose based on lifestyle
63
Model T
Henry Ford introduced, simple light vehicle sturdy enough to navigate US poorly maintained rds
64
The Jazz Singer
first feature-length movie with sound/dialogue
65
KKK
deep rooted in N and W in contrast to South, Atlanta 1915 and later 5mil members (white, native born Protestants) temp ctrl state Republican Party, stood for “pure Amer values” endangered by literally anyone but themselves responsibke for Oregon law banning private schools
66
Birth of a Nation
D.W Griffith, glorified the KKK as defender of white civilization during reconstruction, premiered at whit house under Wilson
67
First Red Scare *
a reaction to the Russian Rev, Sacco and vanzetti killed
1919-1920 fear among Amer after WWI of communists in particular and noncitizens in general, mail bombs, strikes, and riots
68
The Charleston
"wild" dance long popular in black communities that began to be performed by white people
69
Unions
advocated for greater worker rights
70
Nativism*
anti-immigrant attitude, lost popularity during WWII
71
Modernism v. traditionalism
modernist: new ideas, culture, social trends, style
traditionalist: religion (?)
72
Fundamentalism
anti-modernist protestant movement started early 20th century that proclaimed literal truth of bible, name came from The Fundamentals
73
Great Depression
worst econ depression Amer history; spurred b stock market crash 1929 and lasted until ww2
74
laissez-faire
policy of minimum governmental interference in the economic affairs of individuals and society
75
Bank failures
banks failed as depositors withdrew money in Great Depression; millions of fams lost life savings
76
Stock Market Crash of 1929
“Black Tuesday,” stock market panic 1929 resulted in >$10bil loss in market value (~10x today), one cause of Great Depression
77
Speculation
Southern Carolina and Florida experienced frenzied real estate-speculation but land remained undeveloped; this is during Black Tuesday
78
Real estate
during Black Tuesday, Southern Cali and Florida experience frienzied real-estate speculation
79
Tariff
tax on imported goods/international trade
80
Margin buying*
borrowing money from a broker to purchase stock
81
Installment buying
bought on installment plans (dividing prices out into smaller payments with interest charged over time)
82
Rugged individualism
in Hoover’s closing speech: belief individuals can succeed with minimal gov aid; Republican Party belief 1920s
83
Bonus Army
gathering of 10k - 25k WWI veterans demanding immediate bonus payment bc Great Depression
84
“Hundred days”
extraordinarily productive first 3 months of Presd FDR administration in which special session of Congress enacted 15 New Deal proposals
85
New Deal proposals
Three R’s - Relief, Recover, Reform
86
Relief
New Deal - to those who needed help immediately (hungry, homeless)
87
Recovery
Recovery - of the economy
88
Reform
New Deal - so this would never happen again
change for better
89
Bank holidays
temporary closure of all banks for congress to decide what to do for great dep
90
Fireside Chats
Fdr, radio program encouraged ppl to vote for him
91
Keynesian Economics
large scale gov spending necessary to sustain purchasing power and stimulate econ activity during downturns, should be enacted even at cost of budget deficit, FDR followed
92
Court packing*
FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase US supreme court justices from 9 to 15 to save 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges, ppl thought was dictator move
93
Fascism
Italy, Spain
94
Totalitarianism
Germany
95
Democratic-republicanism
US
96
Communism
Russia
97
Cash and Carry
allowance of US to sell arms to britain, needed to be paid for in cash and transported by british ships, military rearmament
98
Lend Lease Act*
law that permitted US to lend military aid to allies vital to out defence
1941 law permitted US to lend/lease arms and other supplies to Allies, signifying increased likelihood of US involvement in WWII, brit china Soviet, stopped oil trade to Japan
99
Destroyers for bases
US gave old destroyers to brit for right to build bases there
100
Arsenal for democracy
collective efforts of American industry in supporting the Allies
101
Aggression
German aggression; invasion of Schsdujfhgjk and Austria
102
Anchluss
annexation of austria
103
Draft
force men to serve in war
104
Holocaust*
exterminated of jews/other ppl considered unfit
systematic racist attempt by nazis to exterminate jew of euorpe, murder of 6 mil jews and 1 mil other undesirables
105
Japanese internment
since they were at war with japan gov relocated 110,000 Japanese-Americans from their homes to internment camps
106
Yalta Conference*
creating the future
meeting of FDR, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin at Crimean resort to discuss postwar world on Feb 4-11 1945; Joseph Stalin claimed large areas in eastern Europe for Soviet domination
107
Potsdam conference
july-August 1945 berlin Stalin, Truman, Churchill, "big three" established military administration for germany and agreed to put nazi leaders on trial for war crimes, finalized plans from yalta
108
Munich Conference
1938 gave hitler Sudetenland to try and keep the peace
109
Island hopping*
strat to defeat japan
US troops fought Japan off islands one by one like Guadalcanal/solomons west pacif and brought them closer to Japan to bomb
110
Pearl Harbor
dec 7, 1941, surprise attack, began pacif theater, US entrance into WWII
111
Battle of Stalingrad
turning point for war in europe
112
Battle of the Bulge
largest single battle ever fought by US army, 70,000 deaths, surprise counterattack in france, pushed allies back 50 miles making bulge, 1945 germ failed last battle
113
D-Day/Operation Overlord*
6/6/44 stoming of beaches of normandy, allied invasion of europe
allied amphibious assault, normandy coast established foothold in europe leading to liberation of france, troops under eisenhower
114
VE Day
May 8, 1945 know day WWII officially ended in Europe (victory in europe)
115
Battle of Leyte Gulf
Philippines, destroyed remainder of Japan fleet in naval battle, desperate last attack
116
Battle of Guadalcanal
1st major offensive by allies against japan, land/sea/air battle inflicted severe damage on japan and boosted US morale
117
Battle of Midway*
turning point after midway us goes on offensive in pacific
117
Iwo Jima*
us wanted island as base for fighter escort/emercency landing field for damaged b-29s, 1 of bloodiest battles of the war
117
Kamikaze
Japanese aircraft loaded with explosives and making a deliberate suicidal crash on an enemy target, means heavenly/divine wind
118
Manhattan Project*
secret american program during WWII to develop atomic bomb, oppenheimer led team of physicists in Los Alamos, New Mexico
118
Atomic bomb
practical realization of theory of relativity, rethink of laws of physics, e=mc2 uranium/plutonium atomic reaction could be created that transformed mass to energy which could be released in big explosion, deathly radiation
119
Hiroshima*
August 6, 1945, 1st city to be atomic bombed, was chosen bc had not yet suffered damage from the war, 70,000-140,000 deaths
119
Nagasaki*
August 9, 1945 2nd japanese city to be atomic bombed, 70,000 died
120
VJ Day
Aug. 14, 1945, vicdtoy over japan, end WWII
121
18th Amendment
prohibition amendment, made illegal the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol
122
19th Amendment*
women suffrage, states could not discriminate voters by sex
123
Volstead Act
provide enforcement for the Eighteenth Amendment, prohibiting the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages
124
Scopes “Monkey” Trial*
1925 trial of John Scopes, Tenn teach accused of violating state law prohibiting theory of evo, became nationally celebrated confrontation between religious fundamentalism and civil lib, found guilty but overturned
124
Emergency Quota Act (1921)
temporary measure restricting European immigration to 357k per year; 1/3 of annual avg beforeWWI, 3 years later came the Immigration Act which was worse
124
Immigration Act (1924)
“Johnson-Reed Act,” permanently limited European imm to 150k per yr and distributed according to series of national quotas severely restricting from Southern and Eastern Europe; aimed to ensure old imm children outnumbered new imm children, also barred entry of Asia (ineligible for naturalized citizenship)
125
Indian Citizenship Act (1924)
govt confers citizenship on Native Amer born within US
126
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
lifted in 1943, 1882 law halting Chinese immigration to US
126
Smoot-Hawley Tariff*
decrease in world trade
1930 act that raised tariffs to an unprecedented level and worsened the Great depression by raising prices and discouraging foreign trade, hoover
126
Glass-Steagall Act
barred commercial banks from becoming involved in the buying and selling of stocks
126
Mexican Repatriation Act
repatriate mexican imm and families back to mx; to reduce economic burden imm “placed on country”
127
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
fed program 1932 under Presd Hoover to lend money to banks + other institutions to help avert bankruptcy
128
New Deal
RRR, not main thing that brought Amer out of Great Depression, FDR proposed
129
21st Amendment
18th amendment/prohibition repealed
130
Social Security Act*
a New Deal measure which offered aid to unemployed and aged, fed safety net for unemployed
131
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)*
dam, controlled flooding, produced electrity, provided jovs gov intrusion into amer life, played role in manhattan proj
admin body created 1933 to control flooding in Ten River Valley, provide work for region unemployed, and produce inexpensive electric power for the region, put gov in business of selling electricity, prevent deforestation
132
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)*
part of new deal est agricultural admin, wanted to improve prices by limiting market supply only helped land owining farmers and dclared unconst
passed 1933 to improve agricultural prices by limiting market supplies, declared unsonstituional in US v. Butler 1936, paid farmers to destroy crops/cattle
133
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
regulate stock and bond markets
134
Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
gov agency created during New Deal guaranteed mortgages, allowing lenders to offer long-term (30yrs) loans w low down payments (10% of asking price); seldom underwrote loans in racially mixed or minority neighborhoods
135
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
part of 2nd New Deal; provided jobs for millions of unemployed on construction and arts projects
136
National Labor Relations Act/Wagner Act
granted workers legal right to form unions, outlawed unfair labor practices
137
Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States
declared NRA unconstitutional bc it delegated power to pres and attempted to reg businesses that did not engage in interstate commerce
138
Neutrality Acts*
amer is working overtime to stay neutral but opening ourselves up to econ evo
series of laws passed 1935-39 to keep US out of war by prohibiting trade/travel to warring nations
139
Kellogg-Briand Pact
outlawed war, solve disputes peacefully, signed after WWI and was unable to stop WWII
140
Mellon Tax Plan
reduced taxes for businesses/gov spending to try and stop great dep
141
1920s consumer products*
radios, phonographs, telephones, vacuum cleaners, washing mashines, refrigerators, coca-cola marketed as ways of satisfying amer desires/necessities
142
Issues for farmers following WWI*
too much agriculutural production when WWI + gov demand ended; prices of farm products + income fell and banks foreclosed 10,000s farms dud to mortage payments unmet; 1st time in amer history farmers werent doing so hot
143
Changes for women during the 1920s*
allowed new opps for the time, took men jovs
female liberation resurfaced, flappers, could now smoke cigarettes, only until married though,
144
Eugenics*
scientifically erroneous and immoral theory of “racial improvement” and “planned breeding, forcefully sterilized ppl, social probs/prostitution due to defective genes
145
Immigration laws of the 1920s *
limited to nativist laws they didn't want S Euros
1921 temporary measure europe immigration restriction 357k and again to 150k per yr permanently; this was the Johnson-Reed/Immigration/1924 law, also established “illegal alien” category
146
Impact of the “Roaring Twenties” *
modernism,consumerism, econ growth
time of revolt against moral rules from 1800s, tradidtionalism vs modernism
147
Causes of the Great Depression *
Stock Market Crash of 1929, Overproduction, installment buying, banking problems, federal reserve mistakes, collapse of world trade
148
Significance of 1929*
stock market crash-start of great depression, job unemployed
149
Economic challenges of the depression*
debt, overproduction, bank failure, unemployment, stock crash
Smoot-Hawkey Tariff, people left with no money after bank failures, high tariffs, opposite of inflation rate - stuff went from costing 400 to 20
150
Dust Bowl causes/effects *
drought, bad farming, destroyed crops, killed animals/farms
Great Plains counties where millions of tons of topsoil were blown away from parchland farmland in 1930s; massive migration of farm families followed
151
Purpose of the New Deal*
1st recovery, relief, reform
2nd: economic SECURITY
152
New Deal programs that still exist*
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)-makes sure banks have enough money, social security
153
Impact of New Deal programs on people’s daily lives*
gov creating things that didn't exist/ becoming more involved in ppls lives
154
Impact of New Deal on government *
econ interference/regulation+gov grew from gild age
155
Did the New Deal end the Great Depression*
no WWII did, rejection of smoot hawley tariff
156
Appeasement *
foreign policy of pacifying aggrieved country thru negotiation to prevent war; Britain’s policy toward Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany 1930s FAILED
157
US foreign policy before the war*
isolationism bc didn't join League of Nations, neutrality
158
Axis countries/leaders*
Germany-Adolf Hitler, Italy-Benito Mussolini, Japan-Emperor Hirohito
159
Allied countries/leaders*
Soviet Union-Joseph Stalin, Britain-Winston Churchill, USA-FDR, France, China
160
Causes of WWII*
Treaty of Versailles, Economic depression, Appeasement of aggressors, Militarism
161
Examples of German aggression*
Hitler occupied remilitarization Rhineland with troops and violated Treaty of Versailles, 1938 annexed Astua and the Sudetenland; later gobbled up Czechoslovakia
162
Examples of appeasement*
Brit France and US did not oppose Hitler occupying Rhineland with forces, annexation of Sudetenland and Austria
163
What German action caused Britain and France to declare war*
invasion of Poland September 1st 1939
164
Reasons behind Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor*
so US did not join war
hoped to cripple US naval power in Pacific, then conquest east asia for oil/other resources it couldn’t get from US anymore, + establish japan as dominant power in region
165
Executive Order 9066*
internment of all japanese amers bc they could be spies
military forced FDR to make, relocation of all Japanese descent in west coast from home to camps, inspired by fears of invasion and whites who wanted their property, 110,000 relocated ⅔ citizens, did not apply to hawaii 40% pop
166
Civil Liberties Act*
formal apology for gov internment
and provided more than 80k Jap Amer $20k each to compensate, 1988 established fund paid $1.6bil in reparations to formerly interned Jap Amer/heirs
167
Office of War Information*
propaganda to get everyone on same side
coordinated the release of war news and promoted patriotism through the use of propaganda poster and radio broadcasts to get everyone on same side
168
How did the government get men for the military?*
the draft/conscription
169
Women’s role on the homefront*
took men jobs in factories
170
How did the US government pay for the war*
War bonds
171
Examples of ways Americans contributed to the war effort on the homefront*
victory gardens, rationing, war bonds, carpooling, reduce reuse recycle
172
Executive Order 8802*
banned discrimination in defence/war/fed jobs and establish Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) to monitor compliance, “new eman proclamation”
173
European Theater leaders/importance (4)*
george marshall-supreme leader/strategist, dwight eisenhower-supreme ally commander, george patton-tanks, omar bradley- commanded troops on dday
174
Pacific Theater leaders/importance (2)*
Chester Nimitz-navy, Douglas MacArthur-philippines, army
175
Bataan Death March*
filipino and americe man an POWs forced by ajpanese to walk 65 miles under sun without food or water, 78,000 marched, 10,000 died, war crime
176
Truman’s reason for using the atomic bomb*
trying to invade japan would cost 100,000s of US soldier deaths+mils of japan civilian deaths
177
Sonar*
locate underwater boats US persecuted
(sound navigation and ranging): technique uses sound waves (usually underwater) to navigate and communicate w/ or detect other vessels
178
Nuremberg/Tokyo Trials*
war criminal trials for japan/germ
Allies put numerous German officials on trial before special courts at Nuremberg for crimes against humanity; for first time, individuals held directly accountable to world for violations of human rights; resulted in Nazi officials with prison terms and 10 leaders executed
179
United Nations *
US joined and replaced league of nation
organization of nations to maintain world peace, 1945 New York = headquarters
180
House Un-American Activities Committee
Committee formed in 1938 to investigate subversives in the government and holders of radical ideas more generally; best-known Investigations were of Hollywood notables and of former State Department official Alger Hiss, who was accused in 1948 of espionage and Communist Party membership. Abolished in 1975.
“ur unamerican u suk we inevstiagte u”
181
Scopes Trial *
know it
