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dcush > Period 8.1 > Flashcards

Period 8.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the Cold War? How long did it last? Who were the major players in it? Why did it start? What contributed to it ending?

A

Term for tensions 1945-1989, between the Soviet Union and the United States, the two major world powers after World War II. they had conflicting ideologies, came to end bc of collapse of communism

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2
Q

What is “containment” in the context of the Cold War? Where did it originate and with whom?

A

General U.S. strategy in the Cold War that called for containing Soviet expansion; originally devised by U.S. diplomat George F. Kennan, started w/ eastern europe expanded to whole world

Kennan inspired Truman with the Long Telegram and Truman officially made the containment policy 1947

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3
Q

Who gave the Iron Curtain speech? Why?

A

Winston Churchill to describe the Cold War divide between western Europe and the Soviet Union’s eastern European satellites. Warn against comm

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4
Q

How was Israel created? Why was the state of Israel created?

A

created by UN

home for displaced Jewish europeans due to holocaust in WW2

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5
Q

What prompted the First Arab-Israeli War? Who was involved? Why? What was the end result?

A

Israel wins and asserts its legitimacy. Fought surrounding Arab neighbors

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6
Q

How was China “lost” after WWII?

A

Communists defeat Nationalists in Chinese Civil War, therefore mainland China became communist

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7
Q

What is “decolonization”? Why did it take place during the Cold War era?

A

process by which African and Asian colonies of Euro empires became independent after WW2. during Cold War era, philippines, india, pakistan

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8
Q

What is “Militant Liberty”? Who pushed for it and why?

A

Under the code name “Militant Liberty,” national security agencies encouraged Hollywood to produce anticommunist movies

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9
Q

What is the Fair Deal? Who proposed it?

A

The Fair Deal was used as a way to focus on improving the social safety net and by raising the stand of living;did not pass=did not work
Domestic reform proposals of the Truman administration included civil rights legislation, national health insurance, and repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act, but only extensions of some New Deal programs were enacted, Proposed by President Truman after WWII

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10
Q

What was the loyalty review system? Why was it implemented?

A

required gov employees to demonstrate patriotism w/out being able to confront accusers; implemented bc McCarthyism

gov

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11
Q

What was the Second Red Scare? Why did it start?

A

Second Red Scare due to Long Telegram from George Kennan and ended with McCarthyism, led to loss of constitutional rights

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12
Q

What is McCarthyism? How does it fit into the Second Red Scare?

A

focused on fear of Comm inside US govt; closely associated with Joseph McCarthy (major instigator of Second Red Scare)

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13
Q

Describe the Army-McCarthy hearings.

A

Televised U.S. Senate hearings in 1954 on Senator Joseph McCarthy’s charges of disloyalty in the army; his tactics contributed to his censure by the Senate; even ant comm did not approve eventually

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14
Q

Why was conformity important in post-WWII America?

A

speak up = ur a communist, so everyone stayed silent and “conformed”; also US RAHH - hayley

temporary: anticommunist crusade promoted a new definition of American loyalty and identity: conformity

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15
Q

Why was the hydrogen bomb pursued?

A

USSR was developing bombs and US wanted to keep up and have advantage

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16
Q

Describe the role the CIA played in Iran and Guatemala.

A

Overthrew freely elected leaders bc they wanted to decrease foreign corporations control over their econs

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17
Q

What is brinkmanship? Who used it? Why?

A

Aka massive retaliation by critics

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18
Q

What is massive retaliation? Who used it? Why?

A

Strategy that used threat of nuclear warfare as means of combating global spread of communism, John Foster Dulles, if you invade US/allies boom, to reduce spending on military + liberate euro comm countries

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19
Q

Why did bomb shelters become popular during the 1950s?

A

Bc Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)would happen if all out war happened, gov encouraged them to convince atomic attacks were survivable

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20
Q

Who called for the creation of the CIA? Why?

A

Truman Truman Doctrine suggested that the US had assumed a permanent global responsibility set precedent for Amer assistance to anticommunist regimes throughout world and for the creation of a set of global military alliances directed against the Soviet Union, they needed intelligence gathering

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21
Q

What is the U-2 incident? Who was the US president when it occurred? What are the results of the crash?

A

The Soviets shot down Amer U-2 spy plane over their territory. Eisenhower denied that plane had been involved in espionage and refused to apologize even after the Russians produced captured pilot. USSR and US no longer pretended to get along, The incident torpedoed another planned summit meeting, increased tensions

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22
Q

What is Sputnik? Who launched it? What did it start?

A

Russia, 1st artificial satellite to orbit earth, space war + national defense education act

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23
Q

When did the Korean War begin? Who were the major forces involved? Why did the US fight in the Korean War? What is the significance of the 38th parallel?

A

1950-1953 NK vs SK, USA, UN, China, military containment (sent troops), armistice

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24
Q

What is the Yalta Conference? Where was it held? Why? What was the outcome of the Yalta Conference?

A

Meeting of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin at a Crimean resort to discuss the postwar world on February 4-11, 1945; Joseph Stalin claimed large areas in eastern Europe for Soviet Domination, divided germany, promised free election, conflict

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25
Q

What is the baby boom? Why is it significant?

A

lots of babies born after war, created demand for housing, TVs, home appliances, and cars, became the beats

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26
Q

What are the suburbs? Why did they become popular in the 1950s? What did they change?

A

pop bc baby boom + soldiers wanted houses, cheap affordable housing, cars more pop, highways, decentral cities, soldiers got loans, levittowns banned ethnics

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27
Q

What is the Berlin airlift? Why was it necessary?

A

Soviets cut off road and rail traffic from the American, British, and French zones of occupied Germany to Berlin…eleven-month airlift [Berlin Airlift] followed, with Western planes supplying fuel and food to their zones of the city [West Berlin]

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28
Q

What is the significance of Levittown?

A

Low-cost, mass-produced developments of suburban tract housing built by William Levitt after World War II on Long Island and elsewhere” TDLR cheaply made houses affordable to most Americans; 10k houses:40k people

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29
Q

Who are the Beats? What values did they hold? Why?

A

a small group of poets and writers who railed against 1950s mainstream culture, instead celebrated impulsive action, immediate pleasure (drugs) and sexual experimentation

30
Q

Why did “In God We Trust” appear on money in the 1950s?

A

To show superiority against “godless” communists/strengthen national resistance to communism

31
Q

What are the Geneva Accords? Why were they created?

A

1954 doc that promised election to unify viet and estab the 17th parallel demarcation line that divided north/south viet, was made to temporarily separate and later unify the country in two years

32
Q

Who created rock-and-roll music?

A

black musicians

33
Q

How did television affect American culture?

A

mass info spread became massive commodity, pushed conformity

33
Q

What is the “missile gap”?

A

claim raised by John F. Kennedy during his campaign for president in 1960, that the Soviet Union had developed a technological and military advantage during Eisenhower’s presidency

34
Q

Why did Eisenhower discuss the military-industrial complex in his good farewell address?

A

he said was dangerous and we should avoid, immense military would interfere with gov and take away liberties bc gain political pwr

35
Q

What is the rust belt?

A

steel belt got rusty..? > steel indust starts to die out people go to where all the jobs are; energy

35
Q

What is the sun belt?

A

Sunbelt area of US (predominantly South; agriculture)

36
Q

What is the United Nations? Why was it created? What is the Security Council? Who were the original members of the Security Council?

A

Organization of nations to keep world peace-created to succeed the league of nations, Responsible for maintaining world peace ten rotating members, 5 permanent-Britain, China, France, Soviet Union, USA

37
Q

Who is George Kennan? What role did he play in the Cold War?

A

He made the Long Telegram that inspired the policy of containment

38
Q

Who is Winston Churchill? What role did he play in the Cold War?

A

iron curtain

39
Q

Who is Jackie Robinson and why is he culturally significant?

A

first black baseball player

40
Q

What is the purpose of the National Security Council?

A

espionage ways, formed by truman, oversees military and amer affairs

41
Q

What is NATO? What is its mission? Why was it created? Who were members of NATO by 1955?

A

Alliance founded in 1949 by ten western European nations, the United States, and Canada to deter Soviet expansion in Europe, response to berlin airlift

42
Q

What is the Warsaw Pact? Why was it created?

A

The Soviets formalized their own eastern European alliance, the Warsaw Pact, in 1955, in response to West Germany joining NATO

43
Q

What does HUAC stand for? Why was it created? What role did it play in the Second Red Scare?

A

House Un-American Committee, 1938 to investigate subversives in the gov and holders of radical ideas

44
Q

Who were the Dixiecrats? Why were they formed?

A

Dixiecrats were Democrats from the South who didn’t like Truman’s indian desegregation policies

add: first thing he did was desegregate US army; they didn’t like that

45
Q

Who is Alger Hiss? What happened to him?

A

Former state department official, accused of espionage and communist party membership, served 5 year in prison, accused by chambers

46
Q

Who were the Hollywood Ten and what is their significance?

A

were actors who would NOT tell HUAC anything due to the belief they were protected by 1st amendment

47
Q

Who is the Shah of Iran? How did he come to power in Iran? Why did the US back him?

A

Shah of Iran backed by CIA, he was pro-USA and promised to not be communist, oil

47
Q

Who is Joseph McCarthy? What was his role in the Second Red Scare?

A

Started mccarthyism had evidence of communists in gov, but went crazy and started accusing random ppl, senator

48
Q

What role did Julius and Ethel Rosenberg play in the Cold War? What was their fate?

A

Jewish couple convicted of conspiracy to pass secrets concerning atomic bomb to soviet agents during WWII, helped “cause” korean war, executed 1953

48
Q

What role did Albert Einstein and J.R. Oppenheimer play in WWII?

A

atomic bomb

49
Q

Who is Harry S. Truman? How did he become president? How did he affect the early years of the Cold War?

A

Vice President to FDR > died thus Truman becomes Presd, drops atomic bombs, containment

50
Q

What is NASA? Why was it created? What was NASA’s mission?

A

Space program to participate in space race against soviet union

51
Q

Who is Dwight Eisenhower? What were his policies during the Cold War? What did discuss in his farewell address? Why?

A

WW2 general, demilitarized US, modern republican, military-industrial complex, kept new deal, containment, sent aid for contianment

52
Q

Who is Douglas MacArthur (in the context of the Cold War)? What happened to him and why?

A

Led charge in korea, wanted to stop comm spread, fired bc of disagreement w/ truman over citizen military command and his refusal to invade china

53
Q

Who is Ho Chi Minh? What was his role in Vietnam?

A

The communist leader of the Vietnamese movement against rule by France

54
Q

Who is Jack Kerouac?

A

Beat author

55
Q

Who is Elvis Presley? Why is he culturally significant?

A

Rock roll singer with sexual performance style who was popular celebrity among teens
white: he made rock and roll popular across nation + broke color barrier

56
Q

Who is Jonas Salk and what did he invent?

A

Polio vaccine

57
Q

Describe the significance and effects of the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (GI Bill).

A

reinvests $$ into society > better jobs, better salaries, stronger economy = people: USA USA USA!! rahh!!! ugh

add: taking govt money and putting it into education and allowing easier house buying

58
Q

What was the Long Telegram? Who composed it? Why is it important?

A

911 telegram by American diplomat George Kennan in 1946 outlining his views of the Soviet Union that eventually inspired the policy of containment

59
Q

What is the Truman Doctrine? Who created it and why?

A

President Harry S. Truman’s Program announced in 1947 of aid to European countries–particularly Greece and Turkey–threatened by communism

white: massive retaliation, brinksmanship and the domino theory; military experience, him being good leader stuff. stated to further policy of containment

60
Q

What is the Marshall Plan? Who created it and why?

A

U.S program for the reconstruction of post-WWII Europe through massive aid to former enemy nations as well as allies; proposed by General C. Marshall in 1947, aimed to combat the idea, widespread since Great Depression, that capitalism was in decline and communism the wave of the future

61
Q

What was the Taft-Hartley Act? Why was it created?

A

1947 law passed over President Harry Truman’s veto; the law contained a number of provisions to weaken labor unions, including the banning of closed shops

62
Q

What were the Venona Papers?

A

Venona Papers came out really late proving there had been Communist spies

63
Q

What is the McCarran-Walter Act? What did it do?

A

immigration legislation 1952 allowed gov to deport immigrants that were “communist” regardless of citizenship status

64
Q

What is the Eisenhower Doctrine? What did it state? Why?

A

pledged the United States to defend Middle Eastern governments threatened by communism or Arab nationalism to extend containment to middle east

65
Q

What is the National Highway Act? How did it affect American culture?

A

turns America into car obsessed culture, helps with national defense bc airplanes can land randomly, helps economy bc all cities are connected and goods can transport easier

66
Q

What is the National Defense Education Act and why is it important?

A

1958 law passed in reaction to America’s perceived inferiority in the space race; encouraged education in science and modern language through student loans, university research grants, and aid to public schools

67
Q

Who wrote the “Southern Manifesto”? Why? What did it encourage?

A

Repudiated supreme court decision in brown v board of edu, and supported campaign against racial integration in public places, 96 congressman/senators signed, encouraged white southerners to defy court

68
Q

milton friedmen

A

economists conservatives liked

dcush (9 decks)

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