Period 8 Chapter 7

Question 1

Johson

Answer 1

• When Johnson took his presidency in 1963, the South Vietnamese government was still unstable
  
  • They had a not very good army and Viet Cong was winning the conflict
    ○ The only choice to stop this was to make America have a large involvement with them
    § But then Johnson said it was not worth it and that it is something that we can’t get out of
    § He then decided of American forces against North Vietnam and Viet Cong would be a good path
    □ This would pressure the North and pause the support of Viet Cong

Question 2

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Answer 2

1964 congressional action authorizing the president to take any measures necessary to repel attacks against U.S. forces in Vietnam.

		§ This allowed the US to take any measures to repel attack against American forces in Vietnam and to prevent any further aggression
			□ This also made a strong support for the president

Question 3

Ho Chi Minh Trail

Answer 3

Main route by which North Vietnamese soldiers and supplies reached South Vietnam; it ran through Laos and Cambodia

Question 4

Tet Offensive

Answer 4

military defeat for North Vietnam and the Viet Cong and it provoked not popular uprising, and the Communists held no cities or provincial capitals and the suffered staggering losses
§ It was considered a victory for the North Viets since it weaken American support for the war
§ They also destroyed the Johnson administration and grow an antiwar movement

Question 5

Robert Kennedy

Answer 5

opposed the war by not executive and federal war power and called out the government to do better for the poor and minorities

Question 6

Richard M. Nixon

Answer 6

easily won the Republican nomination
* Focused campaign on the need for effective international leadership, law and order, and restoration of values
* He promised “end the war and win the peace”

Question 7

Sunbelt

Answer 7

A region stretching from Florida in a westward arc across the South and Southwest.

Question 8

Cesar Chavez

Answer 8

Labor organizer who in 1962 founded the National Farm Workers Association; Chávez believed in nonviolence and used marches, boycotts, and fasts to bring moral and economic pressure to bear on growers.

Question 9

Chicanos

Answer 9

A variation of Mexicano, a man or boy of Mexican descent. The feminine form is Chicana. Many Mexican Americans used the term during the late 1960s to signify their ethnic identity.

Question 10

American Indian Movement (AIM)

Answer 10

Militant Indian movement founded in 1968 that was willing to use confrontation to obtain social justice and Indian treaty rights; organized the seizure of Wounded Knee.

Question 11

Vietnamization

Answer 11

U.S. policy of scaling back American involvement in Vietnam and helping Vietnamese forces fight their own war.

Question 12

Nixon Doctrine

Answer 12

Nixon’s policy of requiring countries threatened by communism to shoulder most of the military burden, with the United States offering mainly political and economic support.

this promised that countries fighting communism would receive American political and economic support but only limited military support
§ This made American forces in Vietnam to decline

Question 13

War Powers Act

Answer 13

A 1973 law to prevent the president from involving the United States in war without authorization by Congress.

Question 14

My Lai

Answer 14

Site of a massacre of South Vietnamese villagers by U.S. infantrymen in 1968. Of those brought to trial for the atrocity, only Lieutenant William Calley was found guilty of murder.

Question 15

Detente

Answer 15

Relaxing of tensions between the superpowers in the early 1970s, led to increased diplomatic, commercial, and cultural contact.

	○ China had to help with this
	○ Relations with Communist China in Nixon and Kissinger's view would help several positive results
	○ This would create new trade opportunities, encourage the North Vietnamese to negotiate in Paris and pressure the Soviets to improve their relations with the US

Question 16

Strategic Arms Limitation Agreement (SALT I)

Answer 16

Treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1972 that limited offensive nuclear weapons and defensive antiballistic missile systems.

Question 17

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Answer 17

Agency created to consolidate all major governmental programs controlling pollution and other programs to protect the environment.

Question 18

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Answer 18

Economic alliance of oil-producing countries, mostly Arab, formed in 1960 to influence the world price of oil by controlling oil supplies; in 1973 OPEC members embargoed the sale of oil to countries supporting Israel.

Question 19

Southern Strategy

Answer 19

A plan to entice southerners into the Republican Party by appointing white southerners to the Supreme Court and resisting the policy of busing to achieve integration.

Question 20

New Federalism

Answer 20

A political term introduced during the Nixon Administration that advocated transferring federal power and responsibilities back to state governments, providing states more autonomy.

Question 21

Watergate

Answer 21

Apartment and office complex in Washington, D.C., where CREEP “Plumbers” broke into the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee; its name became synonymous with the Nixon administration’s involvement and the president’s part in the cover-up that followed.

Question 22

Gerald Ford

Answer 22

• Gerald Ford assumed the presidency with Nixon’s resignation and faced:
  
  • Democratic-controlled Congress
  • Slumping economy
  • Concerns about Nixon’s foreign policies
• When he assumed office,
  
  • The nation was experiencing a deep recession along with spiraling inflation that led to 9% unemployment rates and inflation above 10%
  • To fend off the Democrat-sponsored legislation to increase spending and expand government services

Question 23

Camp David Accords

Answer 23

Treaty, signed at Camp David in 1978, under which Israel returned territory captured from Egypt and Egypt recognized Israel as a nation; most of the Arab world denounced the agreement and Egyptian leader Sadat.

Question 24

Energy Crisis

Answer 24

Vulnerability to dwindling oil supplies, wasteful energy consumption, and potential embargoes by oil-producing countries.

Question 25

Carter Doctrine

Answer 25

Carter’s announced policy that the United States would use force to repel any nation that attempted to take control of the Persian Gulf.

Question 26

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Answer 26

A religious leader of Iran’s Shiite Muslims; after toppling the shah in 1979, the ayatollah (a title of respect given to a high-ranking Shiite religious authority) established a new constitution that gave him supreme power.