Period 7: 1890 - 1945 Flashcards
Motives for imperialism, Alfred T. Mahan
Economic: open up markets abroad, access to cheap raw materials
Political: desire to compete w/ other nations bc we don’t want to fall behind
Military: acquire naval bases, Alfred T. Mahan “The Influence of Sea Power” saying we need to have a powerful navy -> building of Panama Canal
Ideological: idea of the “white man’s burden” need to spread the superior civilization
Hawaii’s annexation, Queen Liluokalani
1820s American missionaries go to convert ppl to Christianity then American sugar and pineapple families buy up the land like Dole, and we est. Pearl Harbor there; ppl of Hawaii don’t want to be annexed and Queen Liliuokalani said Hawaii should be controlled by Hawaiians but a plantation owner revolt overthrows her, McKinley annexes Hawaii in 1898
Causes of the Spanish American War
Cuba still controlled by Spain and the ppl were revolting against v. violent rule, U.S. cares bc of sugar plantations and sympathy caused by Yellow Journalism, De Lome letter, sinking of the Maine
Start of the Spanish American War
Yellow press blames Spain for the sinking of the Maine and war is declared in 1898 by McKinley
Teller Amendment
U.S. have no intention of taking over Cuba and once war was over and peace restored Cuba could keep being Cuba
Spanish American War
the “splendid little war” only lasts 4 months and not that many Americans die, George Dewey crushes Spanish fleet in Manila (Philippines is Spanish colony), Rough Riders under Teddy Roosevelt kind of fail to invade actual Cuba but peace is singed w/ Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Paris
ends the Spanish American War and gives the U.S. Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines
Impact of the Spanish American War
What should the U.S. do w/ the new territories?
- Debate in Congress, Anti-Imperialist League
Anti-Imperialist League
opposed annexation of the Philippines, members include Carnegie, Sam Gompers of the AFL, Mark Twain
Cuba after the Spanish American War, Platt Amendment
Teller Amendment replaced by the Platt Amendment (1901) : U.S. can intervene to restore peace and order in Cuba whenever, Cuba couldn’t sign treaty w/ foreign power that limited its independence and U.S. kept Guantanamo Bay
Puerto Rico after the Spanish American War, Foraker Act
Foraker Act (1900): Puerto Rico granted limited degree of popular gov., withheld full self rule and Congress granted U.S. citizenship in 1917
Insular Cases
Court decides constitutional rights are not automatically extended to ppl in American territories
Philippines after the Spanish American War, Emilio Aguinaldo
Emilio Aguinaldo leader of Filipino independence movement against Spain fought w/ the U.S., thought Philippines would get independence after Treaty of Paris but guerrilla war happens between U.S. and Philippines
Open door policy in China
U.S. wanted in on China bc that was the place to be, problem was that cliques were already est. by other nations through the spheres of influence so they weren’t allowed to sit there. John Hay declared Open Door Policy in China saying all nations should be able to sit w/ China -> Boxer Rebellion
Boxer Rebellion
attempt to remove foreign influence from China, put down by international force
President Theodore Roosevelt
holds office after McKinley is assassinated, dramatic rise in presidential power, will be v expansionist and say “speak softly and carry a big stick” (use diplomacy but don’t be afraid to take action)
Panama Canal
would cut down time it would take to travel so would better trade and military; Roosevelt wants Columbia, who controlled Panama, to accept our building of the canal and when they reject him he backs the Panamanian independence movement as long as the Panama ppl give the U.S. the rights to the canal
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
various Latin American counties owe $ to Europe and Roosevelt is afraid that Europeans would keep intervening so he says that the U.S. has the right to intervene in Latin America which expanded U.S. role in Latin America (big brother policy), strains relations
Roosevelt in E. Asia
Teddy wins noble prize for peacefully ending the Russo-Japanese War (1905,) between U.S. and Russia, Gentlemen’s Agreement
Gentlemen’s Agreement (1908)
Laws in Cali. discriminated against Asian immigrants (nativism) so Roosevelt and Japan secretly agree that Japan would restrict emigration and Roosevelt would try to get Cali. to repeal their laws
Great White Fleet
Roosevelt sends new fleet of U.S. battleships on trip around the world to show U.S. growing international power
Root-Takahira Agreement
U.S. and Japan would respect each other and support the Open Door policy in China
Reasons for the Progressive Movement
industrialization, urbanization, and immigration created significant changed and challenges for the U.S.
What was the Progressive Movement
effort to use gov. power to regulate and improve society, rejection of laissez faire ideology to save and improve capitalism
Who were the Progressives
v diverse, many of the middle class, Protestants wanting temperance, politicians regulating monopolies, union leaders wanting workers rights, women wanting to vote, African Americans wanting equality
Promoting reform, Muckrakers, Ida Tarbell
Muckrakers: attempt to expose problems in American society like Ida Tarbell exposing oil, Jacob Riis “How the Other Half Lives” to expose slum life and Sinclair’s The Jungle
Role of women in the Progressive movement
played an important role to broke down the idea of the “seperate spheres”, national child labor committee, National Consumers’ League led by Florence Kelley to advocate for women’s rights and against child labor
Muller v. Oregon (1908)
Court rules that laws protecting women workers and those restricting women to 10 hr. workday were constitutional
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911)
fire leads to death of 146 workers mostly women, sparks reforms in safety
Urban reform and Progressives
to fix the problems caused by industrialization, Jane Addams and the Hill house, desire to take power away from political bosses through municipal gov. reform to increase efficiency
Governor Robert La Follete
from Wisconsin, Wisconsin Idea: regulate public utilities, took on powerful railroad industry, adopted tax reform, political reforms
Progressive political reform
increase democracy and reduce control of trusts, Secret Ballot, Direct Primary, Recall, Initiative, Referendum all gave more power to the voters
17th Amendment
direct election of U.S. Senators, advocated for by Populist Party
Temperance Movement, Women’s Christian Temperance Movement, Anti-Saloon League, 18th Amendment (1919)
divisions, conflict between wet and dry so Catholic immigrants v. Protestants and urban v. rural
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union: women!
Anti-Saloon League: legal prohibition
18th Amendment
Theodore Roosevelt Progressivism
enlarged role of president so different from McKinley and Cleveland who both sided w/ the businesses;
Coal Miners strike (1902)
Teddy Roosevelt attempts to mediate the labor dispute but owners won’t compromise so he threatens to take over the mines w/ federal troops, using troops against workers!
Square Deal
Roosevelt’s progressive era reform program
- Corporation: control of corporations
- Consumers: consumer protection
- Conservation: conservation of environment and its natural resources
Theodore Roosevelt Square Deal Corporations: Trust Busting
realized Sherman was bad so broke up the Northern Securities Co. and known for “trust busting”, distinguished between good and bad trusts, increase power of federal gov. like increasing power of ICC, Elkins Act (penalties for rebates) Hepburn Act (ICC has power to set max rates for RRs)
Theodore Roosevelt Square Deal Consumer Protection
laissez faire has few protections so The Jungle and socialism but then the FDA and Pure Food and Drug Act
Theodore Roosevelt Square Deal Conservation, Forest Reserve Act, Newlands Reclamation Act
issue of conservation didn’t register as a national issue until now (Sierra Club)
- Forest Reserve Act to protect millions of acres of federal land
- Newlands Reclamation Act: $ from sale of public lands could be used for irrigation projects in the W.
- conservation (protection of resources) was Roosevelt’s most lasting domestic achievement
William Howard Taft, Dollar Diplomacy
the bathtub dude, continued some Progressive reforms of Roosevelt like busting trusts, conservationism
Foreign: Dollar Diplomacy to encourage businesses to invest $ in areas of strategic concerns to the U.S.
Divisions of Republicans (Taft vs. Roosevelt), Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Pincot-Ballinger Controversy
Taft supports Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) which angered Progressive Republicans, the Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy happens where Taft fires some forest dude making it seem like the party wasn’t into conservation anymore
Election of 1912 (Taft, Roosevelt’s New Nationalism, Wilson’s New Freedom)
- Taft wins Republican nomination
- Roosevelt gets salty so forms the Progressive (“Bull Moose”) Party and runs under “New Nationalism” which was an active federal gov. pursuing reforms
- Woodrow Wilson gets Democratic ticket and ran on “New Freedom” which was lowering tariffs, bank reform, anti-trust
- Socialists run Eugene Debs showing growing frustration over slow pace of reform
Progressive Era under Wilson, Underwood Tariff, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Anti-Trust Act, Federal Reserve Act, 16th Amendment
Tariffs: Underwood Tariff (1913) lowered rates of tariffs for first time in 50 yrs.
Trusts: Federal Trade Commission (1914) to investigate monopolies and exempted labor unions from being prosecuted, Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Banking: Federal Reserve Act (1913) responsible for regulating $ supply bc previous panics showed limit of $ supply, 16th Amendment: graduated income tax est.
African Americans and Progressivism
most Progressives didn’t really want the reforms to extend to African Americans so were ignored and little protests to lynching and Jim Crow
Booker T. Washington, Ida B. Wells, W.E.B. DuBois
19th Amendment
women’s suffrage as a result of the Progressive movement
Progressive presidents
Teddy Roosevelt, William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson all sought national reform
Wilson’s foreign policy
Moral Democracy to promote democracy to other countries, wanted to pursue less imperialism so improved relations w/ the Philippines and Panama
Jones Act of 1916
- granted full territorial status to the Philippines
- bill of rights and suffrage for Filipino males
- promised Filipino independence once gov. was est.
Wilson’s intervention in Mexico
Mexican Revolution removes dictator Porfirio Diaz from power but U.S. had large investments in Mexico so when Huerta becomes the next leader Wilson refuses to recognize his gov. and orders an arms embargo which leads to American soldiers being arrested at the Tampico Incident so the U.S. navy occupies Veracruz then Pancho Villa leads raids to kill Americans but he’s arrested later in 1916 by Pershing
*war here is not fought bc WWI about to start
Causes of World War I
MAIN
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
U.S. Neutrality during WWI
Wilson advocates neutrality but can be argued that the U.S. was never really neutral during the War bc we liked England more than Germany
Lusitania, Sussex Pledge
British passenger ship sunken as result of German unrestricted submarine U-boat warfare -> leads to Sussex Pledge where Germany says they won’t sink anymore ships w/out warning
U.S. entry into WWI
we are neutral at first but Wilson pushed to enter bc of violations of this neutrality like the Lusitania and Sussex sinking, Zimmerman Telegram, Congress declares war against Germany to “make the world safe for democracy”
Zimmerman Telegram
Germans propose alliance w/ Mexico if they attacked the U.S. but it’s intercepted and Wilson gets mad
Mobilizing for WWI
U.S. unprepared at first, Selective Service Act organized draft and the American Expeditionary Force, total war effort so everyone’s involved, financed by war bonds and income taxes from 16th amendment
Federal Agencies created during WWI (National War Labor Board, War Industries Board, U.S. Food Administration)
National War Labor Board: help mediate labor disputes and prevent strikes (AFL supported war but IWW opposes)
War Industries Board: set production priorities
U.S. Food Administration: led by Herbert Hoover to conserve food for war
- WWI boosted support for 18th Amendment (prohibition)
U.S. wanted to silent dissent for war
Propaganda like Committee of Public Information, Espionage Act (1917) prohibited interference w/ draft and Sedition Act (1918) banned gov. critique
Anti-German sentiment
Schenk v. U.S. (1919)
Schenk arrested under Espionage Act for advocating against draft and sues on basis of 1st Amendment but the Court rules that freedom of speech could be restricted if it posed a danger
Social Impact of WWI
Great Migration bc opening of more jobs in the N. as more white men were drafted -> race riots like those in Chicago in 1919, women had key roles in factories -> 19th Amendment
Wilson’s 14 Points
Wilson’s proposal for postwar world w/ goals of preventing another world war
- guarantee freedom of seas, eliminate economic trade barriers, military reduction, self-determination, no more secret treaties, League of Nations
v idealistic, other allies not really feelin it
Treaty of Versailles
Lots of Wilson’s 14 Points were rejected, League of Nations est. but then the U.S. didn’t even join
Battles over League of Nations
tradition of isolationsit policies like those warned by Washington’s farewell address, Article X fear of forced American intervention in Europe, desire of many Americans to be isolationist
Red Scare (1919-1920)
Anti-Communist sentiments post WWI bc of anti-German hysteria
Palmer raids
Series of unexpected bombings cause Palmer to est. committee to arrest anarchists and socialists but fell apart after suspected raids didn’t occur one day
Labor immediately post WWI
strikes break out in 1919 like the Steel Strike and the Boston Police Strike which turned public opinion against unions
Rise of Nativism post WWI
Red Scare, Palmer Raids, hatred of “new immigrants”, Quota Act of 1921 and National Quota Act of 1924 both limit “new immigrants” from S. and E. Europe bc of their radical beliefs and also Japanese but lots of Latin Americans coming in
Sacco and Vanzetti Case
Italian immigrants charged w/ robbery and murder, found guilty and sentenced to death w/out just evidence; demonstrated tensions bc were Italian, anarchists
Rise of KKK
broadens influence in 1920s to hate immigrants, Catholics and radicals
- different from original Klan who were opposed to Reconstruction and were more political
- Birth of Nation played in White House under Wilson
- WASP
Why called roaring twenties?
majority of Americans live in urban areas and there’s lots of economic prosperity so culture of mass consumption bc consumer goods becoming more available (electricity), buying on credit (will be bad!), advertising
Transportation changes
Frederick Taylor’s idea of scientific management to increase productivity, cars become more available bc of Ford’s assembly line -> boom of other industries
Mass Media: Radio and Movies
radio ties nation together by providing shared experiences, rise of movie industry like Hollywood -> celebrity culture like flappers
Gender in 1920s
social customs were challenged through provocative dancing, drinking, labor saving devices changed household role for some women, flappers, Margaret Sanger birth control
Fundamentalism
literal interpretation of bible spread by radio preachers like Billy Sunday; show battle between values of modernizing cities and traditional rural values
Scopes Trial
John Scopes arrested for teaching evolution prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan; showed tensions between modern and traditional values in the 1920s
Prohibition
18th Amendment prohibited manufacture, and sale of alcohol, bootleg liquor served, not enough enforcement so ppl actually drank more -> rise of org. crime like Al Capone
Black ppl in the 1920s
Great Migration, spread of jazz, Harlem Renaissance, lynching and violence continues, Marcus Garvey creates the UNIA to bring African Americans back to Africa, start of black pride
Lost generation
group of writers like Fitzgerald and Hemingway who criticized aspects of 1920s like WWI, small town values, materialism of the decade
Politics of the 1920s
opposite of the Progressive Era as reforms are abandoned, business and gov. linked bc of Republican presidents Harding (“return to normalcy”), Coolidge, Hoover
Republicans during 1920s
Republican presidents favor high tariffs so pro business policies and lack of enforcement of anti-trust laws, Republicans Raise tariffs which sparks retaliatory tariffs and slows trade, trickle down economics
Teapot Dome Scandal
Sec. of Interior Albert Fall under Harding accepted bribed in exchange for leading gov. land to oil companies
Calvin Coolidge
continued pro business policies, “the business of America is business”
Unions during 1920s
Union membership declined bc companies favored “open shop” and general anti-union sentiment bc of Red Scare and Palmer Raids, welfare capitalism (Ford)
Farmers during 1920s
after WWI less demand for crops from domestic and international markets, advances in technology leads to more production so lower prices
Herbert Hoover
Republican, U.S. Food Administration, like the worst president ever when compared to FDR lol
International affairs during 1920s, Kellogg Briand Pact
U.S. didn’t completely withdraw from world affairs, Washington Naval Arms Conference, bunch of other treaties, Kellogg Briand Pact: outlawed war but you can’t enforce that
International finance after WWI
U.S. becomes creditor nations loaning out $ to European countries that were broke after WWI, but Europe didn’t have a lot of $ so payback was slow
Dawes Plan (1924)
adjusted German reparation payments; American banks loan Germany $ to help them rebuild and pay reparations to England and France who would then be able to pay back their loans to the U.S., ends w/ Stock Market crash in 1929
Start of Great Depression
huge speculation so stocks rose but Black Tuesday happens and stocks are sold so their value plummets, in U.S. and internationally, banks fail and at peak 25% unemployment
Causes of Great Depression
overproduction bc increased productivity, workers wages not improving so uneven distribution of wealth, reliance on credit, international economic problems
Hoover’s response to Great Depression
encouraged “rugged individualism” and opposed gov. intervention, Hawley-Smoot Tariff, Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)
highest peacetime protective tariff to try to stimulate American manufacturing passed by Hoover but it totally backfired as it caused retaliatory tariffs from Europe
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932)
under Hoover, gave federal $ to struggling business in hope that benefits would “trickle down”, under financed so didn’t do that much
Bonus Army
WWI veterans were suffering from the depression (like me) so they march to D.C. to demand early payment of their bonuses but Hoover sends the army to kick them out and MacArthur is violent and Hoover’s image even more ruined
FDR (D)
New Deal, Brain Trust, Fireside chats, First 100 days
Eleanor Roosevelt
changed position of First Lady to be more active
New Deal
new laws, programs and agencies created by federal gov.; Relief, Recovery and Reform, alphabet agencies
FDR banking reform
in 1933 many banks were failing so he calls for Bank Holiday to close banks until they were stable enough to reopen (Emergency Relief Act), wanted to restore confidence in banks
Glass-Steagall Act: regulate banks to prevent speculation and est. FDIC to insure deposits
Securities and Exchange Commission: regulate stock market
FDR unemployment relief
New Deal created jobs to provide relief and lead to recovery
Federal Emergency Relief Act: gave fed. $ to states and local gov.’s for relief services
Civilian Conservation Corps: restoration projects and park maintenance, mostly younger men
Public Works Administration: fed. $ to local gov.’s for public works projects
FDR industrial & agricultural recovery
National Recovery Act: industrial recovery, wages and hours for workers, gov. drafted codes for industries and allowed workers to form unions; unconstitutional by Schecter v. U.S.
Agricultural Adjustment Act: paid farmers to stop growing so prices would increase; unconstitutional by Butler v. U.S.
Dust Bowl
horrible drought in 1930s added to farmers problems on Great Plains bc of overuse of land, “Okies” fled to Cali. looking for fresh start (Grapes of Wrath)
Tennessee Valley Authority
Gov. agency which built dams, electric power; big change bc federal gov. helping to develop a region by selling electricity at reduced rates
2nd New Deal
goes further w/ reform and relief like the WPA
Social Security Act
$ taken out from payroll for when you retired, would have greatest impact seen bc still around today, est. principle of federal responsibility for social welfare
Wagner Act (1935)
guaranteed rights of organized labor, protected right to join a union and to bargain collectively, created National Labor Relations Board and Union membership increases
Challenges to New Deal, Huey Long, Francis Townsend
conservatives and businesses didn’t like him as much bc of increased gov. regulation and critical of deficit spending
some like Huey Long (Share Our Wealth progam, tax wealthy to give to poor) and Francis Townsend ($ for old ppl) said he wasn’t doing enough be ppl still struggling
Keynesian economics
deficit spending needed to stimulate economic growth; gov. spending needed to promote economic growth
Court Packing Plan
Court stops supporting FDR as much so he wanted to appoint additional judges to the Court to replace all the really old ones, criticized v much and both R and D see it as assault on checks and ballancs
New Deal Democratic coalition
farmers, urban immigrants, union members, African Americans (shift!!!), women
New Deal impacts
New Deal Democratic coalition, est. federal responsibility for society, debate over deficit spending and welfare state, Roosevelt spending, Keynesian economicsdoes not actually end Great Depression
FDR foreign policy
opens up formal recognition of Soviet Union bc worried about German power and wanted trade w/ Soviets, attempts to improve relations w/ Latin America through the Good Neighbor policy which denounces U.S. armed intervention in Latin America
Totalitarianism
totalitarian regimes emerge like Mussolini and the Fascists, Stalin in the Soviet Union, Hitler in Germany, Hideki Tojo in Japan and they begin to expand their borders
Japan invades Manchuria even though the League of Nations said they couldn’t and Italy attacks Ethiopia
Nye Commission (1934)
Concluded that American bankers and arms manufactures caused U.S. entry into WWI so ppl don’t want to go to war
Neutrality Acts (1935-37)
- created to keep U.S. out of WWII
- no American citizen could sail on ships of belligerent nations
- outlawed sale of arms and loans to countries at war
- U.S. cannot help even if country was victim of aggression
Policy of appeasement
Hitler violates Treaty of Versailles, builds up German military, wants Sudetenland so they have the Munich Conference and everyone’s like Hitler chilax bro you can have Sudetenland as long as you promise not to take over the world and Hitler’s like ok yeah whatever, FAIL
Beginning of World War II
Germany and Soviet Union sign Non-Aggression Pact so Hitler can attack Poland w/out worrying about two front war and WWII begins at Battle of Warsaw
Neutrality Act (1939)
cash and carry provision to neutrality acts so lifts arms embargo of previous acts so shift in U.S. neutrality bc we’re favoring the Allies
Committee to Defend America
advocated helping England and the Alllies
American First Committee
opposed U.S. involvement in WWII
Lend Lease Act
FDR worried about threat of Axis victory so this bill eliminated cash-carry requirements and said the U.S. would send supplies to victims of aggression like on loan (Britain), defends it on premise that it would prevent U.S. actually fighting in war
- basically economic declaration of war
Allied Convoy System
more help to the Allies, U.S. begins escorting lend-lease supplies across the Atlantic, undeclared war against Germany bc of the submarines
Atlantic Conference
FDR and Churchill create the Atlantic Charter which outlines postwar goals
- self determination
- free trade
- no territorial gains
- new collective security organizations
Roosevelt’s four freedoms
freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear; justified U.S. helping of other nations at start of WWII
U.S. conflict w/ Japan
U.S. was alone in wanting to check Japanese expansion in Asia so orders embargo against Japan and then bans oil sales, Japan gets mad and bombs Pearl Harbor in 1941 “day which will live in infamy”
Pearl Harbor
enters isolationist movement and U.S. enters WWII
U.S. mobilization for WWII
huge mobilization on home front, role of gov. increased, Great Depression ends, Selective Service Act, factories producing Lend Lease supplies for Allies (England, Soviets, France, U.S. China)
Federal mobilization for WWII
War Productions Board allocated resources for war effort, Office of Price Administration est. rations, America’s industrial output huge factor in Ally victory, Manhattan Project
Social impact of WWII: African Americans
- 2nd Great Migration: African Americans leave the S. in search of jobs in war industries
- faced discrimination in defense work, race riots
- A. Philip Randolph wanted to march -> Executive Order 8802 first federal action stop discrimination
- served in segregated units
- Double V Campaign
- CORE
Mexican Americans during WWII
- demand for workers in defense industry provided opportunities for Mexican immigrants
- Bracero Program
- Zoot Suit Riots
Native Americans during WWII
received opportunities in defense work and military like Navajo Code Talker, lots left reservation life
Women during WWII
thousands served in the military, millions entered the workforce like Rosie the Riveter
Japanese Americans during WWII
Executive Order 9066 required all Japanese decent ppl in the W. be relocated to internment camps for fear that they were spies, even those that were Nisei
- Korematsu v. U.S. Court upheld the relocation as necessary for national security
Fighting in WWII
- Allies focus on European theater first: Stalingrad, N. Africa and Italy, D-Day in Normandy
Casablanca Conference (1943)
FDR and Churchill meet and decide that the war would end only w/ unconditional surrender by Axis, want to invade Italy first
Tehran Conference (1943)
Big 3 meet for the first time and decide the opening of the 2nd front to relieve the Soviet Army, talk about fate of E. Europe bc Stalin wants to divide up Germany but Churchill and FDR want free Europe
Yalta (1945)
- Germany divided into 4 zones
- Stalin agrees to free election in E. Europe that don’t really actually happen
- Soviets would help against Japan
- U.N. created as better League of Nations
Pacific War WWII
mostly the U.S. fought Japan following Pearl Harbor, used strategy of island-hopping, Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Potsdam Conference (1945)
Truman takes place of Roosevelt, warned Japanese that if they do not unconditionally surrender they will be destroyed
