Period 7: 1890 - 1945 Flashcards
Motives for imperialism, Alfred T. Mahan
Economic: open up markets abroad, access to cheap raw materials
Political: desire to compete w/ other nations bc we don’t want to fall behind
Military: acquire naval bases, Alfred T. Mahan “The Influence of Sea Power” saying we need to have a powerful navy -> building of Panama Canal
Ideological: idea of the “white man’s burden” need to spread the superior civilization
Hawaii’s annexation, Queen Liluokalani
1820s American missionaries go to convert ppl to Christianity then American sugar and pineapple families buy up the land like Dole, and we est. Pearl Harbor there; ppl of Hawaii don’t want to be annexed and Queen Liliuokalani said Hawaii should be controlled by Hawaiians but a plantation owner revolt overthrows her, McKinley annexes Hawaii in 1898
Causes of the Spanish American War
Cuba still controlled by Spain and the ppl were revolting against v. violent rule, U.S. cares bc of sugar plantations and sympathy caused by Yellow Journalism, De Lome letter, sinking of the Maine
Start of the Spanish American War
Yellow press blames Spain for the sinking of the Maine and war is declared in 1898 by McKinley
Teller Amendment
U.S. have no intention of taking over Cuba and once war was over and peace restored Cuba could keep being Cuba
Spanish American War
the “splendid little war” only lasts 4 months and not that many Americans die, George Dewey crushes Spanish fleet in Manila (Philippines is Spanish colony), Rough Riders under Teddy Roosevelt kind of fail to invade actual Cuba but peace is singed w/ Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Paris
ends the Spanish American War and gives the U.S. Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines
Impact of the Spanish American War
What should the U.S. do w/ the new territories?
- Debate in Congress, Anti-Imperialist League
Anti-Imperialist League
opposed annexation of the Philippines, members include Carnegie, Sam Gompers of the AFL, Mark Twain
Cuba after the Spanish American War, Platt Amendment
Teller Amendment replaced by the Platt Amendment (1901) : U.S. can intervene to restore peace and order in Cuba whenever, Cuba couldn’t sign treaty w/ foreign power that limited its independence and U.S. kept Guantanamo Bay
Puerto Rico after the Spanish American War, Foraker Act
Foraker Act (1900): Puerto Rico granted limited degree of popular gov., withheld full self rule and Congress granted U.S. citizenship in 1917
Insular Cases
Court decides constitutional rights are not automatically extended to ppl in American territories
Philippines after the Spanish American War, Emilio Aguinaldo
Emilio Aguinaldo leader of Filipino independence movement against Spain fought w/ the U.S., thought Philippines would get independence after Treaty of Paris but guerrilla war happens between U.S. and Philippines
Open door policy in China
U.S. wanted in on China bc that was the place to be, problem was that cliques were already est. by other nations through the spheres of influence so they weren’t allowed to sit there. John Hay declared Open Door Policy in China saying all nations should be able to sit w/ China -> Boxer Rebellion
Boxer Rebellion
attempt to remove foreign influence from China, put down by international force
President Theodore Roosevelt
holds office after McKinley is assassinated, dramatic rise in presidential power, will be v expansionist and say “speak softly and carry a big stick” (use diplomacy but don’t be afraid to take action)
Panama Canal
would cut down time it would take to travel so would better trade and military; Roosevelt wants Columbia, who controlled Panama, to accept our building of the canal and when they reject him he backs the Panamanian independence movement as long as the Panama ppl give the U.S. the rights to the canal
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
various Latin American counties owe $ to Europe and Roosevelt is afraid that Europeans would keep intervening so he says that the U.S. has the right to intervene in Latin America which expanded U.S. role in Latin America (big brother policy), strains relations
Roosevelt in E. Asia
Teddy wins noble prize for peacefully ending the Russo-Japanese War (1905,) between U.S. and Russia, Gentlemen’s Agreement
Gentlemen’s Agreement (1908)
Laws in Cali. discriminated against Asian immigrants (nativism) so Roosevelt and Japan secretly agree that Japan would restrict emigration and Roosevelt would try to get Cali. to repeal their laws
Great White Fleet
Roosevelt sends new fleet of U.S. battleships on trip around the world to show U.S. growing international power
Root-Takahira Agreement
U.S. and Japan would respect each other and support the Open Door policy in China
Reasons for the Progressive Movement
industrialization, urbanization, and immigration created significant changed and challenges for the U.S.
What was the Progressive Movement
effort to use gov. power to regulate and improve society, rejection of laissez faire ideology to save and improve capitalism
Who were the Progressives
v diverse, many of the middle class, Protestants wanting temperance, politicians regulating monopolies, union leaders wanting workers rights, women wanting to vote, African Americans wanting equality
Promoting reform, Muckrakers, Ida Tarbell
Muckrakers: attempt to expose problems in American society like Ida Tarbell exposing oil, Jacob Riis “How the Other Half Lives” to expose slum life and Sinclair’s The Jungle
Role of women in the Progressive movement
played an important role to broke down the idea of the “seperate spheres”, national child labor committee, National Consumers’ League led by Florence Kelley to advocate for women’s rights and against child labor
Muller v. Oregon (1908)
Court rules that laws protecting women workers and those restricting women to 10 hr. workday were constitutional
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911)
fire leads to death of 146 workers mostly women, sparks reforms in safety
Urban reform and Progressives
to fix the problems caused by industrialization, Jane Addams and the Hill house, desire to take power away from political bosses through municipal gov. reform to increase efficiency
Governor Robert La Follete
from Wisconsin, Wisconsin Idea: regulate public utilities, took on powerful railroad industry, adopted tax reform, political reforms
Progressive political reform
increase democracy and reduce control of trusts, Secret Ballot, Direct Primary, Recall, Initiative, Referendum all gave more power to the voters
17th Amendment
direct election of U.S. Senators, advocated for by Populist Party
Temperance Movement, Women’s Christian Temperance Movement, Anti-Saloon League, 18th Amendment (1919)
divisions, conflict between wet and dry so Catholic immigrants v. Protestants and urban v. rural
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union: women!
Anti-Saloon League: legal prohibition
18th Amendment
Theodore Roosevelt Progressivism
enlarged role of president so different from McKinley and Cleveland who both sided w/ the businesses;
Coal Miners strike (1902)
Teddy Roosevelt attempts to mediate the labor dispute but owners won’t compromise so he threatens to take over the mines w/ federal troops, using troops against workers!
Square Deal
Roosevelt’s progressive era reform program
- Corporation: control of corporations
- Consumers: consumer protection
- Conservation: conservation of environment and its natural resources
Theodore Roosevelt Square Deal Corporations: Trust Busting
realized Sherman was bad so broke up the Northern Securities Co. and known for “trust busting”, distinguished between good and bad trusts, increase power of federal gov. like increasing power of ICC, Elkins Act (penalties for rebates) Hepburn Act (ICC has power to set max rates for RRs)
Theodore Roosevelt Square Deal Consumer Protection
laissez faire has few protections so The Jungle and socialism but then the FDA and Pure Food and Drug Act
Theodore Roosevelt Square Deal Conservation, Forest Reserve Act, Newlands Reclamation Act
issue of conservation didn’t register as a national issue until now (Sierra Club)
- Forest Reserve Act to protect millions of acres of federal land
- Newlands Reclamation Act: $ from sale of public lands could be used for irrigation projects in the W.
- conservation (protection of resources) was Roosevelt’s most lasting domestic achievement
William Howard Taft, Dollar Diplomacy
the bathtub dude, continued some Progressive reforms of Roosevelt like busting trusts, conservationism
Foreign: Dollar Diplomacy to encourage businesses to invest $ in areas of strategic concerns to the U.S.
Divisions of Republicans (Taft vs. Roosevelt), Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Pincot-Ballinger Controversy
Taft supports Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) which angered Progressive Republicans, the Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy happens where Taft fires some forest dude making it seem like the party wasn’t into conservation anymore
Election of 1912 (Taft, Roosevelt’s New Nationalism, Wilson’s New Freedom)
- Taft wins Republican nomination
- Roosevelt gets salty so forms the Progressive (“Bull Moose”) Party and runs under “New Nationalism” which was an active federal gov. pursuing reforms
- Woodrow Wilson gets Democratic ticket and ran on “New Freedom” which was lowering tariffs, bank reform, anti-trust
- Socialists run Eugene Debs showing growing frustration over slow pace of reform
Progressive Era under Wilson, Underwood Tariff, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Anti-Trust Act, Federal Reserve Act, 16th Amendment
Tariffs: Underwood Tariff (1913) lowered rates of tariffs for first time in 50 yrs.
Trusts: Federal Trade Commission (1914) to investigate monopolies and exempted labor unions from being prosecuted, Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Banking: Federal Reserve Act (1913) responsible for regulating $ supply bc previous panics showed limit of $ supply, 16th Amendment: graduated income tax est.
African Americans and Progressivism
most Progressives didn’t really want the reforms to extend to African Americans so were ignored and little protests to lynching and Jim Crow
Booker T. Washington, Ida B. Wells, W.E.B. DuBois
19th Amendment
women’s suffrage as a result of the Progressive movement
Progressive presidents
Teddy Roosevelt, William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson all sought national reform
Wilson’s foreign policy
Moral Democracy to promote democracy to other countries, wanted to pursue less imperialism so improved relations w/ the Philippines and Panama
Jones Act of 1916
- granted full territorial status to the Philippines
- bill of rights and suffrage for Filipino males
- promised Filipino independence once gov. was est.
Wilson’s intervention in Mexico
Mexican Revolution removes dictator Porfirio Diaz from power but U.S. had large investments in Mexico so when Huerta becomes the next leader Wilson refuses to recognize his gov. and orders an arms embargo which leads to American soldiers being arrested at the Tampico Incident so the U.S. navy occupies Veracruz then Pancho Villa leads raids to kill Americans but he’s arrested later in 1916 by Pershing
*war here is not fought bc WWI about to start
Causes of World War I
MAIN
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
U.S. Neutrality during WWI
Wilson advocates neutrality but can be argued that the U.S. was never really neutral during the War bc we liked England more than Germany
Lusitania, Sussex Pledge
British passenger ship sunken as result of German unrestricted submarine U-boat warfare -> leads to Sussex Pledge where Germany says they won’t sink anymore ships w/out warning
U.S. entry into WWI
we are neutral at first but Wilson pushed to enter bc of violations of this neutrality like the Lusitania and Sussex sinking, Zimmerman Telegram, Congress declares war against Germany to “make the world safe for democracy”
Zimmerman Telegram
Germans propose alliance w/ Mexico if they attacked the U.S. but it’s intercepted and Wilson gets mad
