Chapter 2 Flashcards
What group was granted encomiendas by the Spanish Crown?
conquistadors
What did the encomiendas consist of?
allowed them to charge tribue in labor and land from Indians
prominent men controlled vast resources and monopolized Indian labor
What was Spain’s main goal in North America?
to produce silver and gold to finance their missions
Which diseases came back to the Old World from the New World?
syphilis
What was the impact/significance of the arrival of New World crops to the Old World?
especially maize, potatoes, manioc, sweet potatoes, and tomatoes — significantly increased agricultural yields and population growth in other continents
What caused revolt against Spanish rule in the Spanish colonies?
Protestant critique grew after Martin Luther and after King Phillip II was determined to expel challenges to Catholic Church, Spanish Netherlands revolted to protect Calvinist faith and became Holland
How did King Henry VIII start the English Reformation?
King Henry VIII was initially opposed to Protestantism but when the pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon he broke w/ Rome and made himself head of the Church of England.
What were the outcomes of Elizabeth I’s compromise regarding the Church of England?
Henry’s daughter Queen Elizabeth I used both Protestant faith and Catholic rituals like Holy Communion to create the Anglican Church
Why did King Philip II attack England?
Philip sent Spanish Armada against England in 1588 to restore Roman Catholic Church in England and wipe out Calvinism in Holland but failed when English ships defeated his
Why did Spaniards emigrate to America during the 1500s?
Spain was in serious economic decline bc of Philip’s spending on wars
What was significant about the influx of New World gold and silver into the English economy?
England grew in 16th century and its economy improved.
population went up from 3 to 5 million
How can you describe the English textile industry during the 1500s?
monarchs supported growth of commerce and manufacturing like the wool industry which led to system of mercantilism
What did the Portuguese colonists base their industry on?
Brazil’s sugar plantations
Who was the labor force for Brazil’s plantations?
at first Indians but they died of disease so then Africans
How can you describe the Jamestown colonists?
In 1607 the Virginia Co. sent all-male group to area to extract tribute from local Indians while looking for gold. more than half died due to lack of freshwater, refusal to plant, and diseases
How did Powhatan treat the English settlers of Jamestown?
Powhatan was willing to treat English as allies but just as English wanted tribute from Indians, Powhatan wanted tribute from English.
provided them w/ corn in exchange for weapons and arranged marriage between John Rolfe and Pocahontas
What accounted for the uneasy relations between colonists and the Native Americans?
The inability to decide who would pay tribute to whom led to more than a decade of uneasy relations, followed by a long era of ruinous warfare.
What did the Virginia economy depend on?
Tobacco
What increased the flow of settlers to Virginia in the early 1600s?
Virginia Co. allowed individual settlers their own land and granted 100 acres to freemen. Created system of representative gov. called House of Burgesses in 1619
How did tobacco affect England during the early colonial period?
its taxes increased English wealth
What were the outcomes of the surprise Indian attack on Virginia?
English fought back by seizing fields and food and declared war
Shocked by this, James I revoked the Virginia Co. charter in 1624 and made Virginia a royal colony
decreed Church of England in the colony so forcing ppl to pay taxes.
What were the distinctive characteristics of the English royal colonies in the 17th century?
governor, elected assembly, formal legal system, established Anglican Church became model for royal colonies throughout English America
What was Maryland founded for?
Maryland became refuge for Catholics persecuted in England
How can you describe the colony of Maryland?
Catholics and Protestants lived together and governor was instructed to act fairly, grew quickly bc of influx of artisans, yet conflicts grew bc of political instability
How can you characterize life in 17th century North American plantation colonies?
For rich and poor, plantation life was harsh because scarcity of towns deprived community and families were scarce bc few women, pregnant women were vulnerable to malaria and most mothers died at or after childbirth
What usually happened to indentured servants?
worked for 4-5 yrs then were free but ½ men died before completing contract, ¼ stayed landless and only ¼ completed their goal of prosperity and respectively
How did the Caribbean colonies differ from the southern English colonies?
sugar vs. tobacco
white indentured servants vs. African slaves (?)
What are some characteristics of Africans in Virginia AFTER the 1660s?
Social mobility for Africans ended in 1660’s w/ collapse of tobacco boom and increase of power for gentry
tobacco was less valuable so imported more African slaves bc of cheap labor
As more Africans came in, ppl became more aware of race
1671 Africans are forbidden to own guns or join militia, or own English servants
being black was mark of inferior legal status and slavery was becoming hereditary
How did French Jesuits compare to their Spanish missionary counterparts?
Jesuit priests lived in Indian communities, spoke their languages and respected their values
Indians welcomed them at first, grew skeptical after their prayers could not save them from disease or make it rain
Which factor encouraged migrants to travel to New France?
New France became center of fur trading and missionary work but lacked as farming settlement
How were French and Spanish colonization similar?
originally went to the areas they colonized looking for raw materials or goods, for the French this was furs and for the Spanish this was gold.
How can you describe the Dutch colony of New Netherland?
colony did not thrive bc of small Dutch population, and migrants seeking riches in S.E. Asia
Like New France, New Amsterdam was fur-trading enterprise
Dutch had less respect for Indians though and seized farming land from them which led to warfare
Which Native American tribe benefited from their location in NY?
Iroquois
Why did Plymouth thrive and Jamestown struggle?
not young male adventures looking for fortune or bound to labor, they came in family groups to create Protestant communities
multiplied quickly, built society of independent families, est. “holy commonwealth”
What was the Puritan settlers’ first priority in the New World?
escape persecution in England create model society w/ no class distinction, community, and church
Which colony would try to be known as the “city upon a hill”?
Massachusetts Bay
Why was Roger WIlliams banished from Massachusetts Bay?
opposed decision to est. official religion and praised Pilgrims’ separation of church and state
advocated toleration and questioned Puritans’ seizure of Indian lands
Why was Anne Hutchinson banished?
held weekly prayer meeting for women and accused Boston clergymen of placing too much emphasis on good deeds
Preached that good deeds would not get you to heaven but only those predestined and shown divine truth directly would go
Which colony required church membership in order to obtain suffrage?
Massachusetts Bay
What caused the Puritan colonies to become permanent?
English Civil War and restoration of the monarchy in England
What were the views of the Puritans?
believed world was full of supernatural forces
Why did wealthy families own the most land in New England?
Mass. Bay and Connecticut gave land to groups of settlers who then distributed it to male heads of families but widespread land ownership did not mean equality of wealth or status men of high social class were awarded largest land plots
How was Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut similar?
all families received land and peasants/ farmers had say in ordinary affairs (?)
How did Puritans justify their taking of Native American lands?
believed Indians dying of disease was sign that God was making room for whites
since they had a strong belief in predestination, they had a hard time accepting that Indians could be elect
What were the details of Metacom’s War?
Europeans outnumbered Indians and them living in peace together didn’t work bc of opposition and persecution so Metacom wanted to expel Indians but then they ran out of gunpowder and Metacom was killed so this destroyed Indian existence as independent ppls
How can one describe the Chesapeake region AFTER 1660?
Virginia was wracked by rebellion so by 1670s economic and political power in Virginia was oligarchy of small circle of rich men who had land, slaves and offices which made it even harder for indentured servants and poor to get land
Who was William Berkeley and why is he significant?
governor of Virginia
gave land to friends but also wanted to keep good trading ties w/ Indians despite ppls wishes for them to be abolished
fought with Bacon over killing Indians and voting rights for landless
What were the consequences of Bacon’s Rebellion?
The rebellion coincided w/ the time when Virginia planters were switching from indentured servants to slaves so eased tensions w/ free population but condemned more Americans to forced labor
How were the Indian uprisings and Bacon’s Rebellion similar?
minority trying to rebel against noble, rich leaders (?)
How were the conquistadors, Bacon’s followers, and the Puritans similar?
wanted power and security (?)
chattel slavery
A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property.
encomienda
A grant of Indian labor in Spanish America given in the sixteenth century by the Spanish kings to prominent men. Encomenderos extracted tribute from these Indians in exchange for granting them protection and Christian instruction.
mestizo
mixed Spanish and Native American population
Columbian Exchange
The massive global exchange of living things, including people, animals, plants, and diseases, between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres that began after the voyages of Columbus.
predestination
The Protestant Christian belief that God chooses certain people for salvation before they are born. Sixteenth-century theologian John Calvin was the main proponent of this doctrine, which became a fundamental tenet of Puritan theology.
outwork
A system of manufacturing, also known as putting out, used extensively in the English woolen industry in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Merchants bought wool and then hired landless peasants who lived in small cottages to spin and weave it into cloth, which the merchants would sell in English and foreign markets.
mercantilism
A system of political economy based on government regulation. Beginning in 1650, Britain enacted Navigation Acts that controlled colonial commerce and manufacturing for the enrichment of Britain.
House of Burgesses
Organ of government in colonial Virginia made up of an assembly of representatives elected by the colony’s inhabitants.
freeholds
Land owned in its entirety, without feudal dues or landlord obligations. Freeholders had the legal right to improve, transfer, or sell their landed property.
headright system
A system of land distribution, pioneered in Virginia and used in several other colonies, that granted land — usually 50 acres — to anyone who paid the passage of a new arrival. By this means, large planters amassed huge landholdings as they imported large numbers of servants and slaves.
royal colony
In the English system, a royal colony was chartered by the crown. The colony’s governor was appointed by the crown and served according to the instructions of the Board of Trade.
indentured servitude
Workers contracted for service for a specified period. In exchange for agreeing to work for four or five years (or more) without wages in the colonies, indentured workers received passage across the Atlantic, room and board, and status as a free person at the end of the contract period.
joint-stock company
A financial organization devised by English merchants around 1550 that facilitated the colonization of North America. In these companies, a number of investors pooled their capital and received shares of stock in the enterprise in proportion to their share of the total investment.
toleration
The allowance of different religious practices. Lord Baltimore persuaded the Maryland assembly to enact the Toleration Act (1649), which granted all Christians the right to follow their beliefs and hold church services. The crown imposed toleration on Massachusetts Bay in its new royal charter of 1691.
town meeting
A system of local government in New England in which all male heads of households met regularly to elect selectmen, levy local taxes, and regulate markets, roads, and schools.
Pilgrims
One of the first Protestant groups to come to America, seeking a separation from the Church of England. They founded Plymouth, the first permanent community in New England, in 1620.
Puritans
Dissenters from the Church of England who wanted a genuine Reformation rather than the partial Reformation sought by Henry VIII. The Puritans’ religious principles emphasized the importance of an individual’s relationship with God developed through Bible study, prayer, and introspection.
