Period 4: 1800 - 1848 Flashcards
Election of 1800
Federalists lost control of both executive and legislative branches and Jefferson becomes 1st Democratic-Republican president
Revolution of 1800
name for the election of 1800 bc first peaceful transfer of power between political parties; “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”
Judiciary Act of 1801
passed right before John Adams left to create new judicial positions, filled by Midnight Appointments, so Federalists count maintain some power; attempt by Adams administration to put Federalist judges in place before leaving office
Marbury v. Madison
Jefferson ordered Sec. of State Madison not to give commissions to Adams’s Federalist midnight appointments and Marbury sued for his commission; decides that parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789 were unconstitutional and est. judicial review (Court has power to declare laws unconstitutional) and expands judicial power
Louisiana Purchase causes
Napoleon forces Spain to give New Orleans back to France, but then he loses interest in it bc he needed to concentrate on fighting England and a rebellion in France, Napoleon give Jefferson all of the Louisiana territory for $15 million bc he needs $ for all the fighting; although Constitution doesn’t say president could purchase land but in this case Jefferson goes against his principles and loosely interprets the Consitution
Louisiana Purchase effects
doubles size of U.S., supports Jefferson’s vision of an agrarian society of farmers, avoided potential threat (France) along nation’s borders, weakened Federalist party bc not industrial, Lewis and Clark!, begins U.S. claims to Oregon territory and Pacific coast
Barbary Pirates
Jefferson sends fleet to Tripoli to fight Johnny Depp and the pirates, shows Jefferson’s willingness to take some action
Violations of U.S. neutrality, Impressment, Chesapeake Leopard Act
War in England continued to cause problems for the U.S., there was impressment: forced enlistment of Americans into British navy,, France and Britain all wack then the showdown Chesapeake Leopard Affair (1807): English ship attacked American ship
Embargo Act of 1807
bc of the Chesapeake Leopard Affair, Jefferson banned U.S. trade w/ all foreign nation;
Impact: U.S. economy turns to shit, unintended-ly helped fuel industrial revolution in New England
Non-intercourse Act of 1809
After repeal of the bad Embargo Act of 1807 Madison passes this to say that Americans could trade w/ all nations except Britain and France
Macon’s Bill #2
U.S. would end embargo if the country respected U.S. neutrality and freedom of the sea
War Hawks
1811 Congress members like John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay, want war against Britain to stop British harassment, wipe out Native resistance on the frontier and to take Canada
Native resistance on the frontier
Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and “the Prophet” org. confederacy of tribes E. of the Mississippi but William Henry Harrison comes in and puts them in their place at the Battle of Tippecanoe
Reasons for the War of 1812
England arming of natives on the frontier, England’s continued violations of U.S. neutrality, Pressure from War Hawks in Congress (Desire for more land, protect American honor), Democratic-Republicans tended to favor France
War of 1812, Treaty of Ghent
War didn’t go so good for U.S. in the beginning bc the nation was divided and there was a failed invasion of Canada, then the Treaty of Ghent was signed that formally ended the war and was basically a stalemate w/ no gains for either side
Battle of New Orleans
Jackson defeats the British
Hartford Convention
Before the War of 1812 ended some Federalists met to discuss their concerns about war and of Jeffersonian leadership and some radicals encourage New England secession which didn’t go anywhere but est. a precedent later used by the S.; Federalist party basically gone from U.S. politics after bc seceding was seen as treason
War of 1812 legacy
U.S. gained respect from other nations bc survived wars w/ Britain, Federalist party died, nullification and secession talk set precedent that would be used later in the S., Indians surrendered land to Americans, war heroes like Jackson and William Henry Harrison would soon be next political leaders, nationalism grew
Era of Good Feelings
Period of only one political party, the Democratic-Republicans that followed War of 1812 w/ strong increase in nationalism and election of Monroe in 1816; not all good feelings bc growing sectionalism and debate over American system (tariffs, BUS), slavery, Panic of 1819
The American system
MA BOI Henry Clay’s idea for advancing the nation’s economic growth through protective tariffs, national bank, and internal approvements
Tariff of 1816
Part of Henry Clay’s American system; first protective tariff designed to help American industry/ manufacturing
2nd Bank of United States
Part of Henry Clay’s America system; provide national currency and financial stability and provide credit
Missouri Compromise (Compromise of 1820), Tallmadge Ammendment
Missouri petitions for statehood as a slave state which would have upset sectional balance between slave and free states and Tallmadge Amendment proposed (gradual emancipation of slaves in Missouri but defeated bc S. sees this as gradual step to total emancipation), Clay comes in w/ Compromise where Missouri enters as slave state and Maine enters as free state and 36 30 line est.
Panic of 1819
hurts Era of Good Feelings, hurts farmers, distrust of BUS, farm foreclosures
John Marshall
1st Supreme Court justice, Federalist, favored central gov. and rights of property so rulings gave more power to the gov.
Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
contract for a private corporation could not be altered by state
McCulloh v. Maryland
even though no clause in Constitution give the U.S. the right to create a national bank, Marshall gave the federal gov. the implied power to create one; Maryland tries to tax the BUS and rules that a state could not tax federal agency
Gibbons v. Ogden
only federal gov. coult control interstate commerce est.
Reasons for more W. movement
acquisition of American Indians’ land, economic pressures, improved transportation, immigrants
Anglo-American Convention of 1818
U.S. and England decide a joint occupation of the Oregon territory and set N. boundary of Louisiana Territory at 49th parallel
Adams-Onis Treaty
U.S. gets Florida from Spain and agrees to give up claims to Texas
Monroe Doctrine
U.S. feared Europe would try to recolonize territory in W. hemi. and wanted to keep England out so warned Europe to stay out of the Western Hemi. (political cartoon); not much immediate impact but later on did play a big role in Latin American affairs
