Chapter 1 Flashcards
Tribute
The practice of collecting goods from conquered peoples. The Aztecs and Incas relied on systems of tribute before they were conquered by Spain; after the conquest, Spanish officials adapted indigenous tribute systems to their own needs by binding Indian labor to powerful men through the encomienda and mita systems.
Matriarchy
A gendered power structure in which social identity and property descend through the female line.
Animism
spiritual beliefs that center on the natural world. Animists do not worship a supernatural God; instead, they pay homage to spirits and spiritual forces that they believe dwell in the natural world.
Patriarchy
A gendered power structure in which social identity and property descend through the male line and male heads of family rule over women and children.
Primogeniture
The practice of passing family land, by will or by custom, to the eldest son.
Peasants
The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe. Some peasants owned land, while others leased or rented small plots from landlords.
Republic
A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.
Civic Humanism
The belief that individuals owe a service to their community and its government. During the Renaissance, political theorists argued that selfless service to the polity was of critical importance in a self-governing republic.
Renaissance
A cultural transformation in the arts and learning that began in Italy in the fourteenth century and spread through much of Europe. Its ideals reshaped art and architecture and gave rise to civic humanism.
Guilds
Organizations of skilled workers in medieval and early modern Europe that regulated the entry into, and the practice of, a trade.
Christianity
A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine. For centuries, the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe, and it was from Europe that Christianity spread to the Americas.
Heresy
A religious doctrine that is inconsistent with the teachings of a church.
Islam
A religion that considers Muhammad to be God’s last prophet. Following the death of Muhammad in A.D. 632, the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa, India, Indonesia, Spain, and the Balkan regions of Europe.
Crusades
A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D. 1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.
Predestination
The Protestant Christian belief that God chooses certain people for salvation before they are born. Sixteenth-century theologian John Calvin was the main proponent of this doctrine, which became a fundamental tenet of Puritan theology.
Protestant Reformation
The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther’s critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.
Counter-Protestant Reformation
A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders, including the Jesuits (founded in 1540), who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.
Trans-Saharan Trade
The primary avenue of trade for West Africans before European traders connected them to the Atlantic World. Controlled in turn by the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires, it carried slaves and gold to North Africa in exchange for salt and other goods.
Reconquista
The campaign by Spanish Catholics to drive North African Moors (Muslim Arabs) from the European mainland. After a centuries-long effort to recover their lands, the Spaniards defeated the Moors at Granada in 1492 and secured control of all of Spain.
Where did the majority of Native American live?
South America. Mesoamerica
How can you describe the first ancestors of the Native American peoples?
from asia - came through a channel between alaska and siberia (russia) that eventually got bigger
How can you describe the first people who migrated to the Americas?
cut off from the rest of the world. hunter gatherer based clans
What allowed the major Native American civilizations to survive and prosper?
dense populations, productive agriculture, and aggressive bureaucratic state
How can you describe the Maya?
lived in Mexico of the Yucatan Peninsula. conquered by Cortez. made calendar system
How can you describe the Aztec?
dominated mesoamerica and the andes; aggressive
What happened to the Hohokams, Mogollon, and Anasazi peoples?
many moved away due to drought, but those who stayed when the Europeans arrived were then called Pueblo Indians bc of their building style
What characteristic do both the Mississippian and Pueblo peoples share
grew maize and created elaborate ceremonial urban sites
