Period 2: 1607 - 1754 Flashcards
Catalyst for English colonization
Defeat of Spanish armada in 1588
Types of colonies
Corporate: operated by joint-stock companies, Jamestown
Royal: under direct authority and rule of king’s gov., Virginia
Proprietary: under authority of individuals granted charters by king, Maryland and Pennsylvania
Joint-Stock Companies
stockholders invest in a company and share in the potential profits of losses from the colony so lowered risk; corporate colony
Colonial Virginia (Jamestown), John Smith
King James I chartered the Virginia Co. to found Jamestown, the first English colony in America; motive was $; rich dudes died in beginning then John Smith came in and est. discipline and saved the colony, said that “he who deos not work, shall not eat”; was est. a royal made a proprietorship then royal again bc failing
John Rolfe
Gave Jamestown tobacco
Plymouth
Religious motivation bc of Protestant Reformation, English Protestant Separatists (Pilgrims) came over on Mayflower; economy rested on fish, fur, lumber
Massachusetts Bay
Wanted to purify not separate completely from Church of England (Puritans), led by John Winthrop’s ideal of the “City Upon a Hill”, war in England caused Great Migration; all Puritan men could participate in elections
Jamestown politics
representation like that in England, org. first representative assembly in America, House of Burgesses
Mayflower Compact
Pilgrims pledged to make decisions by will of majority
Maryland, Lord Baltimore, Cecil Calvert, Act of Toleration
was set to be Catholic haven, Calvert passed the Act of Toleration to give religious freedom to all Christians but killed everyone who denied Jesus, Protestants later got the Act repealed
Indentured Servents
young ppl from Britain agreed to work for a couple years in exchange for house and board, so like better white slavery
Headright system
Virginia attempted to attract immigrants through offering 50 acres of land to each immigrant who came over and any plantation owner who paid for someone’s passage, rich get richer
Bacon’s Rebellion, Nathaniel Bacon
Growing frustration w/ lack of land (Gov. Berkeley didn't want too much W. movement to avoid clashes w/ Natives) and w/ lack of political power (House of Burgesses dominated by plantation elite) and wanted gov. to do something about Native attacks so Nathaniel Bacon and the farmers attack a bunch of stuff and then Bacon dies of dysentery ruining the whole thing; showed class divisions and colonial restentment to royal control IMPACT: transition to African chattel slavery
Roger Williams, Rhode Island
advocated separation of church and state and got banished from Massachusetts Bay so founded Rhode Island which recognized Native rights and allowed freedom of religion
Anne Hutchinson
believed in antinomianism, idea that faith alone and not deeds is needed for salvation and got kicked out of Bay colony so founded Portsmouth that later became part of Rhode Island
Halfway Covenant
To be a Puritan you needed to feel a religious ‘conversion’ but less ppl were feeling that so this was passed to allow ppl to become partial church members even if they didn’t feel the conversion
King Philip’s War
Metacom (King Philip) united many tribes against the English who were constantly encroaching on their lands, colonial forces won and ended major Native resistance in New England
South Carlolina
cash crop (rice) plantation economy, wealthy aristocratic elite and African slave labor
North Carolina
lil different from S. Carolina, mostly characterized by small tobacco farms and less reliance on slavery
Georgia, James Oglethorpe
last est. colony, intended as buffer colony against Spanish and French threat, penal colony for debtors
Pennsylvania, Quakers, William Penn,
Quakers! est. by William Penn as “The Holy Experiment” as a religious refuge for the friendly Quakers, treated Natives fairly
New England colonies
religious motives for colonization, male and female settlers, tight knit communities and mixed economy
New England Confederation
military alliance intended to defend the New England colonies against potential threats
Middle Colonies (breadbasket)
New York started as Dutch New Amserdam and was ethnically diverse, William Penn’s Pennsylvania for Quakers
Overall demographically, religiously, and ethnically diverse
Mercantilism
colonies exist to benefit mother country
Salutary Neglect
England had its own shit to deal with so left colonies alone for a while
Navigation Acts
Policies of mercantilism England implemented for some control over colonies: 1. Trade carrried only in English or colonial ships 2. Trade had to pass through English ports 3. Certain ‘enumerated’ goods like tobacco could only be exported to England
Loose enforcement and smuggling happened
Dominion of New England, Sir Edmund Andros
implemented to increase royal control over the colonies, Sir Edmund Andros appointed as gov. and was v unpopular bc he enforced the Navigation Act and limited town meetings, ended w/ the Glorious Revolution
Why was slavery favorable
Reduced migration from England to provide indentured servants, dependable workforce bc they can’t get out like indentured servants, cheap labor that allowed lower crop prices
Triangular trade
Royal African Company first taking rum to W. Africa from new England then trading it for ppl then the journey of the Middle Passage to the Caribbean to sell slaves to sugarcane producing W. Indies then ship would return to New England where the sugar would be used to make rum and it would start over agian
Why did immigrants come over
religious persecution and economic opportunity
Where did most immigrants settle
Middle colonies and S.W.
Most abundant immigrants
Scots Irish who settled along the frontier bc of potato famine
Shared characteristics of colonial societies
self government, religious toleration, no hereditary aristocracy, social mobility
New England economy
small farms bc rocky soil so profited from legging, ship building, fishing, trading, rum
Middle Colonies economy
rich soil allowed wheat and corn production from indentured servant labor
Southern Colonies economy
most ppl lived on small farms but were few huge plantations w/ slaves that produced tobacco in Chesapeake, timber in Carolinas and rice in Gerogie
Southern Plantation colonies
male dominated, warmer climate, defined hierarchy of wealth and status, cash crop plantation economy, labor transition from indentured servants to slavery after Bacon’s rebellion
Reasons for transition to slavery
abundance of land, shortage of indentured servants, no way to enslave natives, European demand for colonial goods
Stono Rebellion (1739)
In S. Carolina, largest slave revolt, tried to get to Spanish Florida where they were promised freedom and rebellion was defeated and led to stricter slave regulations
Resistance to slavery
work slowdowns, running away, faking illness
Great Awakening
religious revival in the 1730s-40s that spread throughout the colonies
Jonathan Edwards (Great Awakening)
Sparks Great Awakening by saying God was angry at human sinfulness and that ppl could be saved through penitence; “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”
George Whitefield (Great Awakening)
Spread Great Awakening throughout colonies w/ powerful preaching
New Lights v. Old Lights
Supporters of Great Awakening v. those condemning its ideas
Impact of Great Awakening
New universities formed like the Ivies, greater religious independence and diversity, strengthened calls for separation of church and state bc more religions, 1st mass movement shared amongst colonists, changed the way ppl viewed authority bc if ppl could make their own religious decisions, they could make their own political ones too right?
Zenger case
(1733) advanced freedom of the press; Zenger printed newspaper critical of royal gov. of NY and was charged w/ libel but jury rules not guilty so now courts ruled that you could be critical of elected officials if the statements were true
The Enlightenment, John Locke
European movement in literature and philosophy for more push towards human reason
John Locke said humans have natural birthed rights and sovereignty resides w/ ppl and not the state so was v important in American Revolution rationale
