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APUSH > Period 6: 1865-1898 > Flashcards

Period 6: 1865-1898 Flashcards

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AP® U.S. History flashcards
1
Q

Transcontinental Railroads

A

Railroads that stretch from the east to the West

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2
Q

Homestead Act

A

Offered 160 acres of free-land to settlers who stayed for 5 years, 500k families took advantage of this but 2.5m had to but their won land since the best public lands were in the possession of railroad companies and speculators

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3
Q

Cash Crops

A

A crop produced for commercial purposes instead of consumption

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4
Q

Deflation

A

Since the money supply wasn’t going as fast as the economy, the dollar became worth more, putting downward pressure on price

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5
Q

National Grange Movement

A

Social and educational organization for farmers and their families

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6
Q

Frederick Jackson Turner

A

Wrote “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” (1893)

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7
Q

“The Significance of the Frontier in American History” (1893)

A

Argued that the closing of the frontier was more a cause for concern than celebration because it meant there was no more westward expansion to release American discontent

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8
Q

Little Big Horn (1876)

A

When the Sioux ambushed and destroyed Colonel George Cluster’s command at Little Big Horn in 1876

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9
Q

Ghost Dance Movement

A

Developed by Indian prophet Wavoka that if Natives participated in this ritualistic dance the ghosts of their ancestors would return and drive the white men from their land

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10
Q

Helen Hunt Jackson

A

Wrote “A Centruy of Dishonor”, creating sympathy for Natives especially in the east

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11
Q

Dawes Act of 1887

A

Government officially abandoned the reservation system and divided reservation lands into 160-acre plots to be farmed by Natives & allowed them to become citizens on the condition they assimilated

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12
Q

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

A

Promoted the reestablishment of tribal organization and culture

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13
Q

“New South”

A

A post-civil war South with economic diversity, industrial growth, and laissez-faire capitalism

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14
Q

Sharecroppers

A

People without enough money to buy/rent their won land could sign on to work the fields of a plantation on the condition that a portion of that harver was shared with the owner

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15
Q

Tuskegee Insititue

A

Institute led by Booker T. Washington

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16
Q

Plessy v. Ferguson

A

Homer PLessy was 7/8th white & 1/8th black, making him balc under Louisiana law. PLessy challenged this law by sitting in a white-only passenger car and refused and was arrested when asked to leave. Supreme Court ruled segregation is constitutional as long as the separate facilities were equal in kind and quality

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17
Q

Jim Crow Laws

A

Segregated almost very facet of society

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18
Q

Poll Taxes

A

Tax required for someone to pay before they are allowed to vote

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19
Q

Ida B. Wells

A

Editor of a southern black newspaper & spoke out against lynching and jim crow laws in it, she received many death threats and had her persses destroyed by a mob, and later continued her crusade after moving to the North

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20
Q

Booker T. Washington

A

Though Black people didn’t need to fight for equality on a political level and instead needed to become self sufficient economically, leading to power in the voting booth

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21
Q

W. E. B Du Bois

A

NAACP director of publicity and research

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22
Q

International Migration Society (1894)

A

Facilitated the migration of Black Americans to Africa, specifically Liberia, was not a sustainable venture since Liberian inhabitants often lacked economic opportunity and suffered from African diseases often

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23
Q

Transatlantic Cable

A

Undersea cables running under the Atlantic Ocean for telegraph communications

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24
Q

Telephone (1876)

A

Invented by Alexander Graham Bell,

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25
Q

Alexander Graham Bell

A

Invented the telephone, founded the Bell telephone Company within a year, with ~50k telephones in America

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26
Q

Henry Bessemer

A

Patented a process for making steel of a much stronger quality

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27
Q

Thomas Edison

A

Invented the electric lightbulb, as well as the motion picture camera

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28
Q

Consumer Economy

A

Economy driven by consumer spending as a percent of its GDP

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29
Q

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A

railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York.

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30
Q

Andrew Carnegie

A

A Scottish-American industrialist who led the expansion of teh American steel industry. His article “The Gospel of Wealth” called for the rich to use their wealth to improve society and it started a wave of philanthropy

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31
Q

John D. Rockefeller

A

Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust.

32
Q

Monopoly

A

When a business owns all of their competition and their business because they were able to buy out the competitors

33
Q

Standard Oil

A

By the early 1890s, Standard Oil controlled about 90% of the oil refineries in the United States and controlled prices for oil products. Rockefeller’s success in the oil industry had a significant impact on American industrialism

34
Q

Trust

A

A mechanism by which one company grants control over its operations, through ownership of its stock, to another company

35
Q

Horizontal Intergration

A

Controlling all competition in a particular industry

36
Q

Vertical Integration

A

Bought out and controlled all aspects of an industry

37
Q

Laissez-Faire

A

The American government intervened very rarely in the economic operations of businesses, so without many regulations these businesses (the rich) flourished

38
Q

Adam Smith

A

The Scottish “Father of Modern Economics,” that frontally attacked mercantilism in 1776. He influenced the founding fathers of the United States, and convinced the advocate of free trade

39
Q

Social Darwinism

A

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. A belief held by many that stated that the rich were rich and the poor were poor due to natural selection in society.

40
Q

Concentration of Wealth

A

The richest 10 percent of the US populations controlled 90% of the nations wealth

41
Q

Horatio Alger

A

Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote “rags to riches” books praising the values of hard work

42
Q

Wage Earners

A

Wages were determined by the laws of supply and demand. Because of the large supply of immigrants competing for factory jobs, wages were barely above the level needed for bare subsistence

43
Q

Collective Bargaining

A

The process by which management and union representatives negotiate the employment conditions for a particular bargaining unit for a designated period of time. This was a new innovation that gave workers some say in the condition of their workplace.

44
Q

Knights of Labor (1881)

A

Opened membership to anyone who wanted to join, & their main goals were the destruction of trusts and monopolies, as well as the abolition of child labor

45
Q

National Labor Union

A

Founded by William Sylvis (1866); supported 8-hour workday, convict labor, the federal department of labor, banking reform, immigration restrictions to increase wages, women; excluded blacks.

46
Q

Haymarket Bombing

A

A bombing in which 7 police officers were killed with a bomb and caused many Americans to lose support for the Knights of Labor

47
Q

American Federation of Labor

A

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, and working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

48
Q

Samuel Gompers

A

An English-born American labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history. He founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and served as its president for nearly four decades, from 1886 to 1924

49
Q

Homestead Strike

A

The workers at a steel plant in Pennsylvania went on strike, forcing the owner to close down. Armed guards were hired to protect the building. The strikers attacked for five months, then gave in to peace demands.

50
Q

Pullman Strike

A

Pullman companies manufactured sleeping cars for trains & when the Panic of 1893 hit George Pullman decided the best way to save money was to cut the wages of his workers.
When the union workers came to bargain with him, he went ahead and fired all of them, so the rest of the workers went on strike
Another union leader Eugene V. Debs directed the members of his union not to work on any trains that had Pullman cars in them
The owners of railroads and train cars are very closely tied and the railroad owners were on Pullman’s side.
They came up with a plan to hook up Pullman cars to trains carrying federal mail which meant if the workers interfered with the trains, then they had to answer to the government, and they were eventually jailed for this

51
Q

Eugene V. Debs

A

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

52
Q

“Old” Immigrants

A

Immigrants who came to the United States primarily before the 1890s, mostly from Northern and Western Europe. They were largely Protestant and included many Irish and German immigrants

53
Q

“New” Immigrants

A

Immigrants who came to the United States primarily after the 1890s, mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe . They were often poor, uneducated, and members of non-Protestant religions, such as Catholicism and Judaism

54
Q

Chinese Exclusion Act

A

1882

55
Q

Tenement Apartments

A

Multi-family housing in big cities

56
Q

Political Machines

A

A party organization that recruits its members by the use of tangible incentives—money, political jobs—and that is characterized by a high degree of leadership control over member activity

57
Q

Tammany Hall

A

Powerful New York political organization. It drew support from immigrants. The immigrants relied on Tammany Hall patronage, particularly for social services. In return, they asked for ppl’s votes on election day

58
Q

Jane Addams

A

A social reformer and activist who co-founded the Hull House in Chicago, one of the first settlement houses in the United States.

59
Q

Settlement Houses

A

A house where immigrants came to live upon entering the U.S. At Settlement Houses, instruction was given in English and how to get a job, among other things. The first Settlement House was the Hull House, which was opened by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889

60
Q

White-Collar Workers

A

Never got their hands dirty with manual labor (managers, etc.)

61
Q

“Gospel of Wealth”

A

Duty of the rich to give money to help community for a better future, reduce societal distance between the rich and the poor. Money for opportunities, not handouts (libraries, universities, concert halls, etc.)

62
Q

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.

A

A famous justice of the Supreme Court during the early 1900s. Called the “Great Dissenter” because he spoke out against the inposition of national regulations and standards, and supported the states’ rights to experiment with social legislation.

63
Q

Social Gospel

A

Christian principles should be applied not only to one’s self but to solve the problems of society as well

64
Q

WCTU

A

Women’s organization was founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption.

65
Q

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

A

Prohibited any “contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce”

66
Q

Pendleton Act of 1881

A

Essentially would replace the patronage system with a competitive exam

67
Q

Civil Service Commission

A

government agency under the Pendleton Act of 1883 that oversaw the administration of the exam in order to fulfill jobs

68
Q

“Soft Money”

A

Paper money and unlimited minting of silver coins, backed by debtors, farmers and start-up businesses because it would enable them to borrow money at lower interest rates and pay off their loans more easily with inflated dollars

69
Q

“Hard Money”

A

Currency backed by gold stored in government vaults, supporters were bankers, creditors, investors and established businesses

70
Q

High Tariffs

A

Republican Congress raised tariffs, after the war some Democrats objected because the taxes raised prices for consumers

71
Q

Reformers

A

Typically voted for Lincoln due to an anti-slavery past

72
Q

Temperance

A

Established in 1826

73
Q

Big-City Political Machines & Immigrant Voters

A

Strengths of the Democratic party

74
Q

States’ Rights

A

Part of what Gilded Age Democrats argued for along with limited federal power

75
Q

Rise of the Populists

A

Sought to work for the people and correct the gross concentration of economic power held by elite banks and trusts
Omaha Platform
- Direct election of senators
- Use of initiatives & referendums which allowed the people to propose and vote on legislation
- Unlimited coinage of silver
graduated income tax
8hr work day

76
Q

Panic of 1893

A

When the stock market crashed due to over speculation and dozens of railroad companies went into bankruptcy because of overbuilding. Unemployment reached 20% and it continued for almost 4 years

APUSH (8 decks)

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