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Small Ruminants > Perinatal issues in sheep COPY COPY > Flashcards

Perinatal issues in sheep COPY COPY Flashcards

1
Q

How much do of BW do animals usually eat

A

2.1%

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2
Q

Causes and treatment of ringwomb

A

Failure of cervix to dilate
- May be due to premature parturition, malpresentation, disruption, low Ca2+, cervical scarring, exogenous oestrogens

Treating: manual dilation
- May use prostaglandins or oestradiol benzoat

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3
Q

Treatment given in cases of uterine prolapse

A

Abs, NSAIDs, Ca2+ (because low Ca2+ can cause uterine inertia which contrbutes), oxytocin to aid involution

NB: not any more likely to recur

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4
Q

Purse string vs Buhner suture

A

Purse string is for anus
Buhner is for vagina

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5
Q

In twin lamb disease what two factors cause clinical signs

A

Hypoglycaemia
Hyperketonaemia

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6
Q

Traeting twin lamb disease

A

Palatable good, propylene glycol mixture, IV glucose if severe neurological signs…

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7
Q

Preventing twin lamb disease

A

Ensure sheep in good body condition at lambing i.e 3-3.5
> Should feed according to number of fetuses

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8
Q

Differences between ketosis in sheep and goats

A

In goats we see in lactation as well as late pregnancy
+ signs include subcut oedema

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9
Q

What is a low blood calcium level

A

<1.4mmol/L

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10
Q

Treating hypocalcaemia in sheep

A

Give 10-20ml of 40% calcium borogluconate; IV
+ calcium/magnesium/dextrose subcut solutino

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11
Q

Causes of hypocalcaemia

A

(high Ca2+ demand e.g in late pregnancy)
- See signs after stress, decreased food intake, change in diet, need enough Mg2+ for uptake which has no stores

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12
Q

When do we see issues of hypomagnesaemia in sheep

A

Early lactation
> No body stores and high demand
+ Uptake Na+ dependent so lower when lower Na:K ratio

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13
Q

Signs of hypomagnesaemia in sheep

A

Ataxia, incoordinatino, increased TPR< collapse, convulsion and death

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14
Q

Treating hypomagnesaemia in sheep

A

SUBCUTANEOUS injection of magnesium sulphate

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15
Q

Distinguishing hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia and pregnancy toxaemia

A

Timing and speed of onset
Hypocalcaemia = fastest onset + pre-lambing
Pregnancy toxaemia = slow onset; >48hours; pre lambing
Hypomagnesaemia = medium onset BUT usually in lactation

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16
Q

Difference in presentation of acute vs chronic mastitis

A

Acute: sudden onset, lame appearance ewe, pyexic/inappatent, udder red/painful/swollen
Chronic: may just notice from poor lamb growth; lumps in udder but ewe systemically well

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17
Q

Difference in approach to acute vs chronic mastitis in ewes

A

Acute: systemic and antimammary Abs, NSAIDs, stripping BUT KEEP
Chronic: may lance abscesses but cull at weaning

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18
Q

Causative agents in mastitis

A

In 80% isolate M haemolytica (from lamb URT), S aureus (skin commensal)

Also get some cases with E coli, T pyogenes other staphs
Chronic cases often S aureus or T pyogenes

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19
Q

What angles do we want teats to come out at

A

4 and 8 o clock

20
Q

How can orf (from lambs mouths) predispose to mastitis

A

Lymphoid follicles near udder disappear so lose this defence

21
Q

When is VIMCO S aureus vaccine cost effective for mastitis

A

When 10% prevalence

22
Q

What disease causing lack of agalactiae is notifiable

A

Contagious agalactiae BUT absent from UK

23
Q

What virus can cause symmetrical udder hardness in ewes

A

Maedi-Visna

24
Q

What level do we want concentration of BHB in the blood to be less than

A

<1.1mmol/L

25
Q

What do low albumin levels indicate

A

Long term
– Chronic disease; e.g fasciolosis

26
Q

What do low magnesium levels tell us

A

Sheep not eating enough; because no stores of Mg so this reflects CURRENT intae

27
Q

What is the max than concentrates should make up of the DMI to avoid ruminal acidosis

A

60%

28
Q

How long do brown fat reserves + glycogen in newborn lambs last

A

5-6 hours

29
Q

What causes watery mouth disease

A

Non enteropathogenic E coli
- Seen in 12-48 hour old lambs; high morlaity

30
Q

What can cause septicaemia in young lambs

A

Enteroinvasive E coli crossing gut lining

31
Q

What should we be using to dip lamb navels

A

10% iodine

32
Q

What is the main bacteria involved in joint ill

A

Strep dysgalactiae (mother vaginal commensals)

33
Q

How do we treat joint ill in lambs

A

Corticosteroid injection
Procaine penicillin

34
Q

What is drunken lamb or floppy kid syndrome

A

Metabolic acidosis of unknown origin
Seen mainly in sucklers; may relate to milk
–> remove kids from mum in outbreak

35
Q

What causes lamb dysentry and which lambs do we see it in

A

Clostridium perfringens
In large, strong, lambs

36
Q

What causes systemic pasteurellosis in lambs

A

Mannheimia haemolytica

37
Q

What is entropion

A

Congenital defect = inturned eyelids
- Can manually roll out, or use clips, or use penicillin injection

38
Q

Suggested risk factors for contracted tendons

A

Large lambs/litter size, iodine deficiency OR toxicity, poisonous plants

39
Q

What does copper deficiency in utero lead to in young lambs

A

Spinal cord demyelination; progressie posterior paralysis
= SWAYBACK

40
Q

What does selenium deficiency in lamb cause

A

Oxidative damage to muscle tissue (see pale muscle areas with calcium deposits); weakness, stiffness, heart rate and murmur

Normally selenium rather than vit E which is the issue

41
Q

What does iodine deficiency in utero cause

A

STillbirth or weak lambs with enlarged thyroid

42
Q

Risk with oversupplementing pregnant ewes with iodine

A

Can get lamb hypermaturity and decreased colostrum absorption

43
Q

What do different umbilical cord appearances mean

A

Shrivelled and dried = died post partum
Square end = died inter-partum
Tapered end = died pre-partum

44
Q

What total protein level in a lamb do we consider to be total FPT

A

<45g/L
We want >55 g/L

45
Q

What does a change of brown fat from pink white to brown and gelatinous indicate

A

Starvatino/exposure

46
Q

What does lots of fractured liver capsules on lamb post mortems suggest

A

There is enzootic abortion of ewes going on; this causes large, friable livers

47
Q

Signs of dystocia in PM lamb

A

Subcut oedema, broken ribs, meconium staining, meningeal/scleral bleeds, fractured liver capsule

Small Ruminants (22 decks)

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