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Small Ruminants > Camels > Flashcards

Camels Flashcards

1
Q

Two breeds of alpaca

A

Huacaya= fluffy
Suri = mop

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2
Q

Two breeds of llama

A

Ccara = fluffy, larger, common in UK
Tampuli = smaller, more heavily wooled

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3
Q

What is a hembra

A

Female

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4
Q

What is cush

A

Lying in sternal recumbency

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5
Q

What is chukker

A

Fprce sitting down

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6
Q

What is a gelding

A

Castrated male

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7
Q

What is a macho

A

Entire male

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8
Q

What is larger out of alpaca and llama

A

Llama; double the weight

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9
Q

What wild species is llama descended from

A

Guanaco

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10
Q

What wild species is alpaca descended from

A

Vicuna

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11
Q

Why is alpaca wool better for people with allergies than sheep

A

No lanolin

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12
Q

What two key vits/minerals do camelids need a constant supply of

A

Vitamin D
Zinc

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13
Q

How does daily feed consumption differ to sheep and what is the DMI

A

DMI 1.8-2%
Need LESS than sheep

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14
Q

Why do camelids need less food than sheep

A

High retention of ingesta due to stricta between C2 and C3
High rate of contraction
High surface to volume ratio

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15
Q

Risk camelids face of lush pasture

A

Acidosis
Obesity

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16
Q

Target body condition score

A

2.5-3.5 out of 5

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17
Q

Protein requirements in different life stages

A

MAintenance = 8-10%
Growth/late pregnancy/lactation = 10-12%
Weaned crias under 6 months = 16%

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18
Q

Lymph node expected palpation in camelids

A

Can only really feel them in young animals

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19
Q

C1 turnover rate

A

2-3 contractions per min

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20
Q

What is different about camelid tongue

A

Does not protrude because it is short

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21
Q

What is notable about camelid lips

A

They have filtrum split at top used to prehension and sorting of food

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22
Q

What is the choaniae in camelids and what congenital issue can we see

A

= opening between nasal cavity and nasopharynx
- We can see congenital atresia

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23
Q

Nasal anatomy in camelids

A

Short nasal bone, long nasal cartilage
Obligate nasal breathers
Pushing on cartilage can suffocate them

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24
Q

Difference between incisor growth in alpacas and llamas

A

Incisors are constantly growing in alpacas but not in llamas

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25
Q

Camelid dental formula deciduous

A

1 1 2/3 0
3 1 1/2 0

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26
Q

Camelid dental formula permanent

A

1 1 1/2 3
3 1 1/2 3

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27
Q

When are camelids post prone to tooth root abscesses in premolars/molars

A

Around age 3-5 years; this is when the teeth get changed from deciduous to permanent

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28
Q

What other trait is blue eye colour often linked to

A

Deafness

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29
Q

Which side of the neck do we take. blood sample from

A

Right

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30
Q

What do we use high (C2/3) vs low (C5/6) location on neck for in relation to taking blood/injections

A

High location: for injections and catheter placement (to lower the risk of injecting into the carotid)

Low location: for taking blood

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31
Q

Why do we give injections higher up in the neck

A

Because the jugular is further from the carotid in prox end of neck so less risk of intra-carotid injection

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32
Q

Oesophagus muscle conformation in camelids and why

A

Inner longitudinal
Outer circular

BECAUSE: need more force to bring cud up a longer neck c/f other ruminants

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33
Q

Function of C1 and C2

A

Like rumen but more secretory and more VFA absorption

Involved in mixing cycle
pH 6.5

Ventral half covered in saccules; simple columnar epithelium with secretory granules

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34
Q

Where might we find gastroliths

A

In saccules in C1/22

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35
Q

Function of C3

A

Protein digestion
Acid secretion
i.e more like abomasum

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36
Q

Which parts of C3 do what

A

Prox 75% have glandular epithelium in longitudinal fold and pH is 6/7

Distal 25% has glandular epithelium with gastric gland that maes proteases and HCl so pH 1.5

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37
Q

Which part of C3 is acid secreted

A

Distal 25%
This is the gastric area
= where we are most likely to get ulcers

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38
Q

Where does oesophageal groove run to and from in crias

A

From cardia to C3

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39
Q

Where are some possible obstruction sites in GI tract

A

Stricta from C2 to C3 = just 1-2cm diameter

Duodenal ampulla

Spiral colon

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40
Q

Do camelids have a gall bladder

A

No

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41
Q

What is different about the liver of camelids

A

It is fringed

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42
Q

Anatomy of spleen

A

Smooth
Very caudal

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43
Q

Which stomach compartment do we mostly see on right vs left lateral views

A

Left lateral = mostly C1
Right lateral = all but lots of C3

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44
Q

What is special about toe nails

A

Non weight bearing

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45
Q

WHat part of the foot do camelids walk on

A

Leathery pads of P2/P3

46
Q

When is the youngest we can castrate

A

18 months

47
Q

When do males have sperm present and when can we use for breeding

A

Sperm from 11 months but don’t use for breeding until 2/3 years
NB: preputial adhesion breakdown is testosterone dependent and not fully released until 3 years

48
Q

What is the max we should use males for breeding per day

A

Twice since they can’t store sperm

49
Q

Penis characteristics

A

Fibroelastic
Sigmoid slexure
Hook curve at tip

50
Q

When is female puberty and when can we breed

A

Puberty at 6 months
Don’t breed until 12 months (=65% adult weight)

51
Q

Ovulation characteristics in camelids

A

= induced ovulators; mating causes LH surge and semen contains NGF

Ovulation can occur anywhere on ovary surface like in cows

52
Q

3 differentials for facial masses in camelids

A

Retained cud
Lymphadenopathy
Tooth root abscess/osteomyelitis

53
Q

Why do we need to be especially careful when rasping camelid teeth

A

Dentine very thin only 2-3mm so easy to expose bone

54
Q

Which teeth are most likely to be affected by tooth root abscesses

A

Molars > premolars > incisors
More so on the mandible

55
Q

What is a potential cnosequence of tooth root abscess

A

Osteomyelitis/lumpy jaw

56
Q

What disinfectant would we use to lavage bone

A

Diluted iodine

57
Q

What ages do we typically see lymphoma is alpacas or llamas

A

Relatively young
3-5 in alpacas
8 in llamas

58
Q

Two differentials for lympahdenopathy

A

Lymphoma
Caseous lymphadenitis

59
Q

What faecal egg count tool do we use in camelids

A

MOdified Stoll - better than McMaster because allows floatation of heavier eggs

60
Q

How should we treat fatty liver

A

As with twin lamb disease
- Appetite stimulant = Vit B12, B1
- Propylene glycol or glycerol
- IV fluids
Insulin

61
Q

If we palpate left sided mass in neck what does it indicate

A

Issues with regurgitation

62
Q

What are some secondary causes of regurgitation

A

Megaoesophagus, neuromuscular dysfunction of oesophagus e.g due to VitE/Se deficiency, vascular ring anomaly

63
Q

What type of toxicity does ragworth cause

A

liver toxicity

64
Q

What type of toxicity does foxglove cause

A

Cardiotoxicity

65
Q

What symptoms does buttercups give

A

Blistering around the mouth

66
Q

What symtpoms does laurel toxicity cause

A

Neurotoxic
Enteritis

67
Q

What two poisons cause haematuria

A

Brassica
Bracken

68
Q

Which endoparasite causes issues in large intestine

A

Trichuris

69
Q

Which two endoparasites can lead to anaemia

A

Trichuris
Haemonchus

70
Q

When do small eimeria generally cause disease

A

AT post weaning

71
Q

Whcih large eimeria species is very pathogenic

A

Eimeria Macusanensis

72
Q

Can we use pour on anthelmintics in camelids

A

No because nothing absorbed through fluff

73
Q

What dose avermectin should we use

A

2-3X the sheep dose as there is very fast metabolism of this

74
Q

What can we use benzimidazoles for

A

Trichuris
_ resistance in other worm types

75
Q

What is putting legs to the side instead of under in normal cush position a sign of

A

Abdominal pain i.e colic

76
Q

What symptoms do large eimeria cause

A

Not always diarrhoea
Weight loss, ill thrift, colic
Cobblestone apperance of ileum; can get hypoproteinaemia

77
Q

What would cobblestone appearance of the ileum in camelids suggest

A

Infection with large eimeria

78
Q

Diagnosing ulcers in C3

A

Can’t endoscope due to stricture
so HARD

  • Faecal occult blood test can be used but not very sensitive
  • Left shift neutrophilia
  • Increase in acute phase proteins
79
Q

Treating gastric ulcers

A

Proton pump inhibitor for 1-2 weeks e.g pantoprazole (sid) or omeprazole (tid)

Antimicrobials
Suspend grain

80
Q

How does grain overload cause issues

A

Lots of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates leads to large amounts of VFAs being produced; this changes the microbial population which start producing lactic acid

81
Q

How do treat grain overload cases

A

Give bicarbonate
Give magnesium hydroxide
Antimicrobials to stop septic emboli seeding
Thiamine; to stop polioencephalomalacia
Proton pump inhibitors

82
Q

Where are mites vs lice found on camelids

A

Lice = in heavily fleeced areas
Mites = in lightly fleeced areas

83
Q

Which mite species is most common in UK

A

chorioptes

84
Q

Which mite species is zoonotic

A

Sarcoptes

85
Q

Why would we look at zinc levels when thinking about mite infestation

A

Zinc deficiency can predispose

86
Q

Which mites are burrowing

A

Sarcoptes
- So use ystemic treatment

87
Q

Which mites are non-burrowing

A

Chorioptes
Psoroptes

88
Q

What do we need to be careful of if using amiraz to treat mites

A

Not in pregnant animals
Take care with disposal

89
Q

Treating sarcoptes mites

A

Systemic treatment
Ivermectin injection 7-10 day apart 3 or 4 times
Should use 2-3x sheep dose due to rapid metabolism

90
Q

Which animals are at more risk of vitamin D deficiency hypophosphataemia (rickets)

A

Dark haired animals
Young alpacas

91
Q

Vit D supplementation in camelids

A

From november until may
Give 1000-1500 i.u/kg every 6 weeks

  • In clinical cases: supplement at 2000iu/kg just once
92
Q

Presentation of hypophosphataemic rickets

A

lameness esp front legs
Shifting weight
Recumbency
Ataxia
Goose stepping due to C1-5 remodelling
Fractures
Anaemia
Thickening of growth plates on X ray

93
Q

Usual cause of osteomyelitis

A

Haematogenous spread of septic emboli from GI tract

94
Q

Normal PCV in camelids; what is significant and when do we transfuse

A

Normal = 25-45%
Significant = < 20%
Transfuse at 14%

95
Q

Why do camelids only show lethargy if anaemia is severe

A

Because good at dealing with low oxygen conditions

96
Q

How to treat mycoplasma

A

10% oxytetracycline at 10mg/kg for 7 days

97
Q

What do we need to remember when blood smearing to look for mycoplasma

A

Use fresh blood

98
Q

Gestation period for camelids

A

345 days +/- 30 days

99
Q

Where do we typically see pregnancies in camelids

A

95% are in left horn

100
Q

What type of placenta do they have

A

Diffuse epithelio-chorial

101
Q

When can we diagnose pregnancy

A

at 45 days with rectal ultrasound
60 days with TA ultrasound
30 days with rectal palpation

102
Q

What is CCN

A

Polioencephalomalacia
= caused by thiamine deficiency

103
Q

Apart from thiamine deficiency what else could cause CCN

A

sulfur/lead toxicity
Hypo/hyper natraemia

104
Q

When can we induce crias

A

Only if gestation >330 days
And if torsion ruled out

Should use PGF2alpha

105
Q

Signs of prematurity

A

Curly ears
Lack of eruption of teeth at birth
Domed head

106
Q

What type of epithelium in saccules vs non-sacular mucosa of C1 and 2

A

Saccules = simple columnar
Non-saccular mucosa = stratified squamous

107
Q

Which legs are metatarsal glands found on
What about interdigital glands

A

Metatarsal glands: inside of hind legs
Interdigital glands: all feet

108
Q

APproach to clostridial vaccination if dam vaccinated vs not

A

If dam vaccinated: vaccinate from 3 months
If dam not: vaccinate with just lambivac (4 strains) at 3 days; then boost later with multivalent one

109
Q

What is heptavac protective against

A

Lots of clostridia
M Haemolyticua
B trehalosi

110
Q

What animal should we use the dose for of when giving flunixin

A

Horse

111
Q

Why would we avoid mycotil in camelids

A

Associated with fatalities

Small Ruminants (22 decks)

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