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Small Ruminants > Infertility in sheep and goats > Flashcards

Infertility in sheep and goats Flashcards

1
Q

How to calculate lambing %

A

= lambs born/ewes put to tup X 100%

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2
Q

What is the main cause of infertility in sheep

A

Infectious causes of abortion

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3
Q

What BCS do we want a lowland ewe at weaning, tupping and lambing

A

Weaning: 2.5
Tupping: 3.5
Birth: 3

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4
Q

How can stress cause abortion

A

Via causing prostaglandin release

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5
Q

Which drugs cause abortion/parturition at different stages in sheep and goats

A

Sheep: early pregnancy = PGF2alpha; late pregnancy = corticosteroids

Goats: prostaglandins; because have a CL at all times
(corticosteroids also will in late pregnancy)

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6
Q

Which goat species is get habitual abortions (genetic)

A

Angora

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7
Q

What is the cause of enzootic abortion of ewes

A

Chlamydia abortus

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8
Q

Most common two infectious causes of abortion

A

1) Chlamydia abortus (enzootic abortion of ewes)
2) Toxoplasmosis

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9
Q

Effects of ewes being infected with chlamydia abortus at different stages of pregnancy

A

Early pregnancy: get abortion in late pregnancy
Late pregnancy OR non-pregnant: dormancy and can reactivate in next pregnancy to cause abortion

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10
Q

How can lambs become infected with C abortus after birth

A

Via uterine discharge (NOT MILK)

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11
Q

How is most C abortus spread

A

Sheep to sheep
_ most infections are due to purchase of an infected animal

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12
Q

What stage of gestation do we see abortion due to C abortus

A

Last 2 weeks

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13
Q

What does an enzootic abortion (C abortus) look like

A

Fetus normal; may see inflammatry lesions in liver, lung etc
Placentitis and placental necrosis

Stain smears from intercotyledonary areas using ZN stain

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14
Q

How can vaccination against C abortus help reduce abortions and when/what do we treat with

A

Reduces shedding BUT WILL NOT ELIMINATE INFECTION
should give as close to 95 days gestation as poss
- Long acting oxytetracycline
> Repeat every 2 weeks until lambing

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15
Q

What do we do with ewes that have aborted due to C abortus

A

Keep them! They will be immune next week
> BUT isolate for 3 weeks and burn dead lambs

If we want to foster lambs onto her; DO NOT KEEP THESE FOR BREEDING; they will most likely get infection

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16
Q

Vaccination protocols for different EAE situatins

A

In outbreak can vaccinate pregnant ewes with INACTIVE PREPARATION to reduce risk of abortion from previously infected ewes

Temp sensitive prepration should be given every 1 or 2 years in high risk flocks (>5% abortion) and only once in low risk flocks (<5% abortio)

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17
Q

Difference between placenta of abortion from EAE and toxoplasma

A

EAE: placentitis and necrosis; abnormal intercotyledonary areas
Toxoplasma: cotyledons bright red with small white nodules; intercotyledonary areas NORMAL but oedematous

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18
Q

What stain do we use on cotyledons to identify toxoplasa gondii

A

Giemsa/Leishman stain

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19
Q

What to do with a ewe that has aborted due to toxoplasma gondii

A

Probably don’t need to isolate; no lateral spread (it is from environment)

KEEP HER; will be immune next year

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20
Q

What medication can we use to control afainst toxoplasmosis

A

Decoquinate daily in food
> 2mg/kg BW

21
Q

Clinical result of toxoplasmosis depending on stage of gestation

A

Early gestation (<70 days): fetal resorption
Mid gestation: abortion or mummification
Late gestation (>120 days): still birth, can heave weak OR normal lambs

22
Q

Which species of campylobacter cause abortion

A

C fetus subspecies fetus (from sheep)
C jejuni; from wildlife

23
Q

When do we see abortion from campylobacter and what is the outcome of infection based upon stage of gestation

A

= LATE TERM abortions
If infected at <3 months: no effect
If infected at >3 months: will get abortion; in a few weeks

24
Q

Post mortem findings in an abortion from campylobacter

A

> Fresh fetus
placentitis with inter-cotyledonary oedema and cotyledonary necrosis

+ 25% of aborted fetuses show characteristic necrotic foci in the liver

25
Q

Dealing with abortions due to campylobacter

A

Want to mix ewes which have already lambed with aborted ewes to stimulate immunity (so no risk of abortion next time)

Mix newly brought in ewes with others BEFORE mid-pregnancy to stimulate immunity

26
Q

What is the immunity to campylobacter like

A

Serotype specific

27
Q

Can we vaccinate for campylobacter

A

Only with specific import certificate

28
Q

What is different about abortions from Salmonella c/f other common causes

A

Ewe is sick too
> Can get large ewe losses

29
Q

Which Salmonella strain gives most severe clinical signs

A

Typhimurium
- Anorexia, pyrexia, scour, foul vaginal discharge
- Death by septicaemia or dehydratino

Lambs born dead or ill

30
Q

Which abortion-causing salmonella strain is not zoonotic

A

Salmonella abortus ovis
- Now almost eradicated

31
Q

Possible lamb outcomes of S abortus ovis infection

A

Late term abortion usually
Can get weak lambs
OR healthy lambs; which succumb within first 10 days

32
Q

Control for salmonella

A

Keep aborting or scouring ewes from rest and give antibiotics
Avoid wild birds accessing water

33
Q

How can we identify salmonella in aborted fetus/ewe

A

Culture from stomach contents
Or could use placental tissue/vaginal discharge

34
Q

How does listeria cause abortion

A

Organism penetrates gut mucosa and goes to infect fetus; causes septicaemia and placentitis

35
Q

Post mortem of listeria abortion

A

May be autolysed
See grey focal necrosis in fetal liver (called sawdust liver), necrotic placental villi, brown vaginal discharge, suppurative inflammation on placenta

36
Q

What is the cause of border disease

A

Pestivirus similar to BVD
- Get hairy shaker disease

37
Q

What does an abortion due to border disease look like

A

Mummified fetus
Abortion at any stage
(NB: usually causes early embryonic death)

38
Q

How do we get transmission of border disease

A

Via PI animals mainly

39
Q

What is Q fever

A

infection with rickettsia coxiella burnetti
- Can cause abortion in sheep; we worry for public health concern

40
Q

What abortion cause in sheep is notifiable

A

brucellosis, bluetongue virus,

41
Q

Characteristics of tick borne fever abortion

A

Infection with Cytoecetes phagocytophilia via Ixodes ricinus ticks
- If naive sheep exposed late in pregnancy get fever then abortion within a week
OR mummification and expulsion weeks later

42
Q

Diagnosing tick borne fever

A

BLood smear looking for organisms in leukocytes

43
Q

What two viruses spread by culicoides midges can cause abortion

A

Bluetongue virus
SChmallenberg virus

44
Q

How long is gestation in a goat

A

150 days

45
Q

How to deal with pseudopregnancy in goats

A

PGF2alpha to help CL lysis
Can give oxytocin to help uterine involution

46
Q

Polled intersex manifestation

A

Intersex females
Sterile males

47
Q

What might be a cause of habitual abortion in goats

A

hyperfunction of adrenal gland in large animals

48
Q

Endometritis definition

A

Infection limited to endometrium; so affects caruncles and non-cotyledonary areas

49
Q

How can acute endometritis cause fetal loss

A

Can cause PGF2alpha synthesis and premature CL regression

Small Ruminants (22 decks)

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