Perfusion Part 3 - Atherosclerosis Flashcards
Atherosclerosis is an the build up of arterial ____
plaque
What are 3 causes of damage to the endothelium lining of blood vessels?
- Mechanical stress
- Immune response
- Oxidative stress
Example of:
Mechanical stress - ____
Immune response - ____ ____
Oxidative stress: ____
HTN
Inflammatory sequelae
ROS
How do you balance ROSs?
Antioxidants
All 3 causes of endothelial damage lead to blood ____
clotting
Increased cholesterol levels lead to endothelial cells producing an adhesion molecule called ___-_
VCAM-1
Circulating ____ attach to VCAM-1 on the endothelium
monocytes
What do monocytes do after attaching to VCAM-1? How does this affect permeability?
Squeeze between endothelium cells and move into the intima; increases permeability
Monocytes differentiate into ____ in the intima and release ____
macrophages, ROSs
Circulating ____ are phagocytosed by macrophages, turning the macrophage into a ____ cell
LDLs, foam
Foam cells undergo ____, the lipid residue remaining turning into a ____ ____
apoptosis, fatty streak
Fatty streaks are commonly first found in the ____ and ____ arteries
aorta, coronary
What are the 4 components of plaque?
- Foam cells
- Collagen
- Fibrin
- Calcium deposits
What are 4 examples of clin. manifestations of atherosclerosis?
- Narrowing of vessel
- Vessel obstruction
- Thrombosis + emboli formation
- Weakening of vessel wall
What is ischemia?
Decreased oxygen to tissues
What is tamponade?
Coronary arteries rupture + bleed into the pericardium
State the most common locations these are found:
Ischemia & infarction - ____ + ____ arteries
Thrombus formation - ____
Coronary, cerebral
Aorta
What are some risk factors for athersclerosis?
- HTN
- High cholesterol/lipids
- Male
- Age
- Smoking
- Family history
- Diabetes mellitus
What are 2 strategies to lowering amount of lipid in the body?
- Lifestyle/diet
- Pharmacotherapy
What are the 3 drug classes used during pharmacotherapy of lowering lipids?
- Statins
- Niacin
- Fibrates
Which drug class is 1st line treatment post MI?
Statins
Which 2 drug classes are mainly for synergy?
Niacin + fibrates
Niacin ____ HDLs while fibrates ____ VLDLs
increase, decrease
Statins inhibit what?
HMG-CoA Reductase
HMG-CoA Reductase is the primary regulatory site for ____ ____ and is under a ____ feedback system
Cholesterol synthesis, negative
Statins lower LDLs by decreasing ____ ____ and increasing ____ ____
Cholesterol synthesis, hepatic circulation
What time of day are statins usually given and why?
Night, cholesterol synthesis peaks at night
What are 3 examples of statins?
- Lovastatin (mevacor)
- Atorvastatin (lipitor)
- Simvastatin (zocor)
All statins are dependent on ____ function
liver
Statins are considered pregnancy category ___, meaning:
X, meaning pregnant people should NOT take them (interfere with fetal CNS myelination).
What are some side effects of statins?
- Myopathy (muscle weakness)
- Drug-drug interactions
What are 2 types of disorders of CVD?
- Acute
- Chronic
Describe acute CVD
- Unstable angina
- Unstable plaque (–> rupture)
- Risk of MI
Describe chronic CVD
- Stable angina
- Thick fibrous cap over plaque
What are the 4 steps from plaque rupture to clotting?
- Rupture/injury
- Vascular spasm
- Platelet plug formation
- Coagulation