[216B] Sepsis & Infection

Question 1

What does it mean when we say “CBC and differential”?

Answer 1

Complete Blood Count with a breakdown of the different WBC types present.

Question 2

Antibody titre is useful if:

Answer 2

The pathogen is difficult to culture.

Question 3

Antibody titre measures the _____ & _____ of antibodies, which helps us determine if:

Answer 3

Type & number

Helps us determine whether there’s an active infection or there was a previous infection

Question 4

We identify and classify bacteria with:

Answer 4

Gram stains.

Question 5

Empiric treatment is based on:

Answer 5

Suspected pathogen based on pt’s clinical presentation.

Question 6

Candida albicans infections are treated with the antifungal:

Answer 6

Nistatin.

Question 7

Empiric tx should be started ASAP if: (3)

Answer 7

1. There is sepsis.
2. The infection is severe.
3. The host is exhausted.

Question 8

List 5 classes of antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis.

Answer 8

1. Penicllins.
2. Cephalosporins.
3. Bacitracin.
4. Vancomycin.
5. Carbapenems.

Question 9

Which 4 classes of antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis?

Answer 9

1. Chloramphenicol.
2. Erythromycin.
3. Tetracyclines.
4. Streptomycin.

Question 10

List 2 classes of antibiotics that inhibit nucleic acid transcription/translation.

Answer 10

1. Quinolones.

2. Rifampin.

Question 11

Which antibiotic injures the bacteria’s plasma membrane?

Answer 11

Polymyxin B.

Question 12

List 2 classes of antibiotics that inhibit the synthesis of essential metabolites.

Answer 12

1. Sulfanilamide.

2. Trimethoprim.

Question 13

What are some common side effects of antibiotics? (4)

Answer 13

1. GI disruptions (ex: diarrhea, abd pain, N&V)
2. Superinfections, especially with broad-spectrum abx (ex: C. diff).
3. Drug-drug interactions (ex: with oral contraceptives, NSAIDs).
4. Allergies (ex: penicillins, cephalosporins, sulfa drugs)

Question 14

What is immunotherapy?

Answer 14

Tx that supplements the host’s immunity.

Question 15

Immunotherapy is highly effective against:

Answer 15

viral infections.

Question 16

What are 2 examples of immunotherapy?

Answer 16

1. Immune globulins (IG).

2. Cytokines (interferons & interleukins).

Question 17

What are immune globulins?

Answer 17

Antibodies from donors.

Question 18

Immune globulins offer ______ immunity and are administered _____ exposure.

Answer 18

Passive; after.

Question 19

Both examples of immunotherapy are most often administered:

Answer 19

IV.

Question 20

Cytokines are:

Answer 20

Immune mediators.

Question 21

What do cytokines do?

Answer 21

Stimulate the immune system.

Question 22

What is an example of a cytokine tx drug?

Answer 22

Intron A (interferon alpha-2).

Question 23

Immunizations lead to the development of:

Answer 23

B cell antibodies.

Question 24

The first successful immunization was for:

Answer 24

smallpox.

Question 25

Sepsis is defined as:

Answer 25

Excessive inflammatory response to a pathogen.

Question 26

Inflammation will begin ________, then spread _______.

Answer 26

Locally (at the site); systemically.

Question 27

T/F: our immune systems can develop tolerance.

Answer 27

True c:

Question 28

Tolerance development is part of immunotherapy tx for:

Answer 28

allergies.

Question 29

Which immune cells trigger cytokine release?

Answer 29

Dendritic cells.

Question 30

What activates the complement system?

Answer 30

The presence of the microbe/pathogen.

Question 31

Cytokines and the complement system are both considered:

Answer 31

Immune response modulators.

Question 32

Adaptive immunity requires you to have:

Answer 32

previous exposure to a pathogen/antigen.

Question 33

The primary cells of the adaptive immune system are:

Answer 33

B and T lymphocytes.

Question 34

Where are B lymphocytes made? Where are T lymphocytes made?

Answer 34

B - bone marrow.

T - thymus.

Question 35

B cells are generally more effective against ____, while T cells are generally more effective against _____.

Answer 35

B - bacteria.

T - viruses.

Question 36

B lymphocytes provide “______ immunity”.

T lymphocytes provide “_________ immunity”.

Answer 36

B - humoral immunity.

T - cell-mediated immunity.

Question 37

Passive immunity is ____-term while active immunity is _____-term.

Answer 37

Passive - short.

Active - long.

Question 38

List 2 ways that infection with a pathogen may cause tissue damage.

Answer 38

1. Toxins/other secretions.

2. Pathogen replication (takes up space —> impairs host cell’s ability to function).

Question 39

If inflammation lasts more than ___ days, it will be considered chronic inflammation.

Answer 39

10 days.

Question 40

Chronic inflammation may cause: (2)

Answer 40

1. Organ dysfunction (d/t ongoing pressure).

2. Necrosis.

Question 41

The body’s response to infection will activate: (4)

Answer 41

1. Endothelial cells to increase permeability of the vascular system.
2. WBCs (ex: neutrophils).
3. Connective tissue cells (ex: macrophages).
4. Platelets.

Question 42

Define septicemia.

Answer 42

Pathogen is present/replicating in the blood.

Question 43

T/F: septicemia and sepsis are a package deal (ie: if there is septicemia, it will lead to sepsis; if we see sepsis, there is always septicemia).

Answer 43

False: septicemia will only lead to sepsis if it causes a systemic inflammatory response.

Question 44

T/F: sepsis always indicates an overwhelming amount of pathogen is present in the body.

Answer 44

False: any amount of pathogen may cause sepsis (an extreme inflammatory response).

Question 45

T/F: sepsis is always considered a medical emergency.

Answer 45

True: will progress to shock if untreated!

Question 46

Sepsis causes vaso______.

Answer 46

Vasodilation.

Question 47

_______ infections cause at least half of all sepsis cases.

Answer 47

Respiratory.