[216B] Tissue Integrity: Trauma Flashcards
1
Q
VO2 max is measured in _/__ and determines what 3 things?
A
L/min
- Circulation capacity
- Lung capacity
- O2 delivery to muscles
2
Q
During activity, the SNS stimulates which gland secretion?
A
Adrenal
3
Q
With adrenal gland hormone secretion during activity, vaso____ occurs in high output organs (ie. brain)
A
dilation
4
Q
CO ____ with activity to match demand
A
increases
5
Q
What are 3 byproducts of aerobic metabolism using pyruvate and how are they excreted?
A
- CO2 (exhaled)
- H2O (diaphoresis)
- Heat (warm/flushed)
6
Q
Anaerobic metabolism occurs when demand ____ supply
A
exceeds
7
Q
What is a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism?
A
Lactate
8
Q
What are 4 categories of causes of fatigue?
A
- Physiologic
- Psychologic
- Pathologic
- Unknown
9
Q
Physiologic fatigue is inadequate ___ to generate muscle activity, whereas psychologic is inadequate ___ ability
A
ATP, CNS
10
Q
What is the most common unknown cause of fatigue?
A
Chronic fatigue syndrome
11
Q
What are 3 characteristics of acute fatigue?
A
- Sudden onset
- Clear cause
- Rest –> recovery
12
Q
What are 5 characteristics of chronic fatigue?
A
- Unclear onset + causality
- Rest -x-> recovery
- Accumulates
- Interferes with ADLs
- Causes other pathologies
13
Q
Chronic fatigue syndrome has an ____ onset, ____ duration, and ____ symptomology
A
insidious, long, non-specific
14
Q
What are 4 diagnostic s&s of chronic fatigue syndrome?
A
- Chronic fatigue >6 months with effect on ADLs
- Post-exercise malaise
- Unrefreshing rest/sleep
- Cognitive or orthostatic effects
15
Q
What are 3 txs for chronic fatigue syndrome?
A
- CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy)
- Team approach
- Management of associated pathologies
16
Q
MSK system is __% of body mass and includes what 3 things?
A
70%
- Bones
- Cartilage
- Soft tissue in joints, ligaments, tendons + muscle
17
Q
What is the difference between a ligament and a tendon?
A
Ligaments: connect bone to bone
Tendons: connect muscle to bone
18
Q
How does color of bone marrow change with growth and development?
A
Kids: red
Adults: yellow
19
Q
Acute fractures are caused by ____ ____ whereas chronic fractures are caused by ____
A
sudden force, overuse
20
Q
Contusions, dislocations and sprains may occur due to ____ fractures
A
acute
21
Q
Tendon strains may occur due to ____ fractures
A
chronic
22
Q
What are 6 s&s of fractures?
A
- Severe pain (initial numbness aka local shock)
- Inflammation
- Hematoma
- Deformity
- Loss of function
- Injury to surrounding area
23
Q
What are the 3 types of unstable fractures?
A
- Oblique (diagonal)
- Spiral (torsion)
- Comminuted (fragmented)
24
Q
What is the difference between an open/compound fracture and a closed/simple fracture?
A
Open breaks through skin whereas closed doesn’t
25
What is the difference between a compression fracture and an impacted fracture?
Compression: 2 bones crushed together
Impacted: fracture fragments crushed together
26
Describe a greenstick fracture and what demographic is at most risk
- One side of bone is broken, the other side is bent
| - Peds, because their bones are bendy
27
Describe an avulsed fracture
Fragment of bone is pulled away from tendon/attachment
28
Epiphyseal fractures occur in what demographic? Why?
Children, cause they're still growing
29
Which types of epiphyseal fractures impacts growth?
3-5
30
What are the 6 txs for all fractures?
- Pain management
- Inflammation management
- Complication management
- Immobilization
- Reduction
- Restoration of function
31
What are the 3 main categories of medications for tx of fractures?
- Analgesics
- Anti-inflammatories
- Anesthesia
32
What are 4 types of anesthesia?
- Local
- Nerve block
- Spinal
- General
33
What is reduction?
Restoration of alignment
34
What are 2 methods of reduction for closed fractures?
- External traction (pulls)
| - External fixation (stabilizes)
35
What are 2 methods of reduction for open fractures?
- Surgical reduction
| - Internal fixation
36
Immobilization maintains ____
alignment
37
What are 3 methods for restoration of function?
- Rehabilitation exercises
- Physiotherapy
- Occupational therapy
38
What are 4 hormones important for bone healing?
- Vitamin D
- Calcitonin
- Thyroid hormone
- Growth hormone
39
What is the function of osteoblasts?
Synthesis of bone
40
What are the 4 stages of bone healing?
1. Hematoma (inflammation + coagulation)
2. Granulation tissue (angiogenesis)
3. Callus formation (soft -> hard; differentiation of MSCs)
4. Remodeling
41
What are MSCs?
Mesenchymal stem cells, precursor for bones and cartilage
42
Meniscus, tendons & ligaments heal ____
slowly
43
Healing of long bones can take up to _ months
6
44
Healing of stress fractures can take up to _ weeks
4
45
What are 8 complications of fractures?
- Vascular damage (bleeding, hypovolemic shock)
- Infection
- Associated injuries
- Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES)
- Thromboembolism
- Compartment syndrome
- Complex Regional Syndrome (CRPS)
- Fracture blisters
46
Pneumothorax means ____ in the ____ space of the lungs
air, pleural
47
Traumatic tension pneumothorax leads to an ____ of pressure within the pleural space, which can cause what to collapse?
increase, lungs
48
What are 5 s&s of tension pneumothorax?
- SOB
- Cyanosis
- Decreased O2 sat.
- Tracheal shift
- Cardiogenic shock
- Hypoxemia
49
What are 3 txs for tension pneumothorax?
- O2
- One-way valve seal
- Chest tube
50
Hemothorax means ____ in the ____ space of the lungs
blood, pleural
51
Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES) is ____ or ____ ____ tissue in circulation
Adipose, bone marrow
52
FES occurs due to what type of bone fracture?
Long
53
What are 11 s&s of FES?
- Pulmonary embolism
- CVA
- Skin rash
- Chest pain
- SOB
- Decreased O2 sat
- Cyanosis
- Pallor
- Change in LOC
- Seizure
- Diffuse rash on upper body
54
What are 3 txs for FES?
- Prophylaxis is best
- Oxygenation
- Glucocorticoids
55
Thromboembolisms (DVT or PE) are due to:
Low mobility with injuries
56
What are 3 prophylactic txs for thromboembolisms?
- Anticoagulants
- Compression devices
- Early ambulation
57
What are 2 examples of anticoagulants?
- Heparin
| - Enoxaprin
58
Acute compartment syndrome is ____ pressure within a body compartment due to ____, causing ____ volume
high, inflammation, increased
59
What is the etiology of acute compartment syndrome?
- Post injury
| - Common with immobilization devices
60
What are the 5 s&s of acute compartment syndrome?
- Swelling
- Worsening pain
- Loss of sensation
- Loss of motor function
- Loss of reflexes
61
How do you treat acute compartment syndrome?
Relieve pressure + elevate immediately
62
What is Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)?
Higher pain than injury warrants
63
What are some characteristics of pain in CRPS?
- Severe
- Burning
- Aching
- Elicited by low stimulus
64
What are some physiologic changes as a s&s of CRPS?
Skin: shiny, thin, eczema
Tissue: muscle wasting
65
What is the etiology of CRPS?
Inadequate pain management for initial acute pain
66
What are 3 txs for CRPS?
- Prophylaxis with adequate pain management
- Physiotherapy for mobilization
- Chronic paint treatment
67
What are lacerations?
Integumentary tearing
68
What are 4 things to assess for lacerations?
- Size
- Depth
- Deformity
- Contusion (bruise)
69
What are 2 txs for lacerations?
- Asepsis
| - Closure
70
What are the 3 aspects of asepsis tx for lacerations?
- Cleansing wound (irrigation)
- Decontamination (debridement, antimicrobials)
- Prevention (vaccination)
71
Contusions are a ____ tissue injury, where the skin is ____ and there is ____ hemorrhage
soft, intact, local
72
Large hemorrhage can lead a contusion developing into a:
hematoma
73
What are 3 txs for contusions?
- Control inflammation
- Aspiration with a needle
- NSAIDs
74
Compresses for contusions should be what temperature immediately?
Cold
75
Strains are a ____ overload of what 2 types of complexes?
mechanical, muscle or muscle-tendon
76
What are 3 s&s of strain?
- Inflammation
- Pain
- Increased pain with aggravating activity
77
What are some common strains?
- Lower back
- Joints (elbows + shoulders)
- Feet
- C spine
78
What are 5 txs for sprains?
- Compression (cold or warm)
- NSAIDs
- Rest
- Rehabilitation
- Prophylaxis (stretching)
79
Sprains are a ____ overload of a ____
mechanical, joint
80
What are 4 s&s of sprains?
- Pain
- Inflammation
- Contusion
- Decreased function
81
What is the tx of sprains similar to?
Strains, but may require surery
82
What are some common sprains?
- Ankle (inversion)
- Knee
- Elbow
- Wrist
83
What is the difference between a dislocation and subluxation?
Dislocation is a complete joint displacement, whereas subluxation is incomplete
84
What are 3 causes of dislocations?
- Direct force (traumatic)
- Congenital (hip at birth)
- Pathologic (arthritis)
85
What type of joint is most common for dislocations?
Ball + socket (ie. shoulder)
86
What is a potential complication for dislocations?
Nerve/blood vessel injury
87
What are 3 txs for dislocation?
- Assess level of injury
- Manual closed reduction maneuvers
- Analgesia
