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N216 A/B > [216B] Tissue Integrity: Trauma > Flashcards

[216B] Tissue Integrity: Trauma Flashcards

1
Q

VO2 max is measured in _/__ and determines what 3 things?

A

L/min

  • Circulation capacity
  • Lung capacity
  • O2 delivery to muscles
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2
Q

During activity, the SNS stimulates which gland secretion?

A

Adrenal

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3
Q

With adrenal gland hormone secretion during activity, vaso____ occurs in high output organs (ie. brain)

A

dilation

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4
Q

CO ____ with activity to match demand

A

increases

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5
Q

What are 3 byproducts of aerobic metabolism using pyruvate and how are they excreted?

A
  • CO2 (exhaled)
  • H2O (diaphoresis)
  • Heat (warm/flushed)
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6
Q

Anaerobic metabolism occurs when demand ____ supply

A

exceeds

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7
Q

What is a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism?

A

Lactate

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8
Q

What are 4 categories of causes of fatigue?

A
  • Physiologic
  • Psychologic
  • Pathologic
  • Unknown
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9
Q

Physiologic fatigue is inadequate ___ to generate muscle activity, whereas psychologic is inadequate ___ ability

A

ATP, CNS

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10
Q

What is the most common unknown cause of fatigue?

A

Chronic fatigue syndrome

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11
Q

What are 3 characteristics of acute fatigue?

A
  • Sudden onset
  • Clear cause
  • Rest –> recovery
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12
Q

What are 5 characteristics of chronic fatigue?

A
  • Unclear onset + causality
  • Rest -x-> recovery
  • Accumulates
  • Interferes with ADLs
  • Causes other pathologies
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13
Q

Chronic fatigue syndrome has an ____ onset, ____ duration, and ____ symptomology

A

insidious, long, non-specific

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14
Q

What are 4 diagnostic s&s of chronic fatigue syndrome?

A
  • Chronic fatigue >6 months with effect on ADLs
  • Post-exercise malaise
  • Unrefreshing rest/sleep
  • Cognitive or orthostatic effects
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15
Q

What are 3 txs for chronic fatigue syndrome?

A
  • CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy)
  • Team approach
  • Management of associated pathologies
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16
Q

MSK system is __% of body mass and includes what 3 things?

A

70%

  • Bones
  • Cartilage
  • Soft tissue in joints, ligaments, tendons + muscle
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17
Q

What is the difference between a ligament and a tendon?

A

Ligaments: connect bone to bone
Tendons: connect muscle to bone

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18
Q

How does color of bone marrow change with growth and development?

A

Kids: red
Adults: yellow

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19
Q

Acute fractures are caused by ____ ____ whereas chronic fractures are caused by ____

A

sudden force, overuse

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20
Q

Contusions, dislocations and sprains may occur due to ____ fractures

A

acute

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21
Q

Tendon strains may occur due to ____ fractures

A

chronic

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22
Q

What are 6 s&s of fractures?

A
  • Severe pain (initial numbness aka local shock)
  • Inflammation
  • Hematoma
  • Deformity
  • Loss of function
  • Injury to surrounding area
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23
Q

What are the 3 types of unstable fractures?

A
  • Oblique (diagonal)
  • Spiral (torsion)
  • Comminuted (fragmented)
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24
Q

What is the difference between an open/compound fracture and a closed/simple fracture?

A

Open breaks through skin whereas closed doesn’t

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25
Q

What is the difference between a compression fracture and an impacted fracture?

A

Compression: 2 bones crushed together
Impacted: fracture fragments crushed together

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26
Q

Describe a greenstick fracture and what demographic is at most risk

A
  • One side of bone is broken, the other side is bent

- Peds, because their bones are bendy

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27
Q

Describe an avulsed fracture

A

Fragment of bone is pulled away from tendon/attachment

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28
Q

Epiphyseal fractures occur in what demographic? Why?

A

Children, cause they’re still growing

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29
Q

Which types of epiphyseal fractures impacts growth?

A

3-5

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30
Q

What are the 6 txs for all fractures?

A
  • Pain management
  • Inflammation management
  • Complication management
  • Immobilization
  • Reduction
  • Restoration of function
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31
Q

What are the 3 main categories of medications for tx of fractures?

A
  • Analgesics
  • Anti-inflammatories
  • Anesthesia
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32
Q

What are 4 types of anesthesia?

A
  • Local
  • Nerve block
  • Spinal
  • General
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33
Q

What is reduction?

A

Restoration of alignment

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34
Q

What are 2 methods of reduction for closed fractures?

A
  • External traction (pulls)

- External fixation (stabilizes)

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35
Q

What are 2 methods of reduction for open fractures?

A
  • Surgical reduction

- Internal fixation

36
Q

Immobilization maintains ____

A

alignment

37
Q

What are 3 methods for restoration of function?

A
  • Rehabilitation exercises
  • Physiotherapy
  • Occupational therapy
38
Q

What are 4 hormones important for bone healing?

A
  • Vitamin D
  • Calcitonin
  • Thyroid hormone
  • Growth hormone
39
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

Synthesis of bone

40
Q

What are the 4 stages of bone healing?

A
  1. Hematoma (inflammation + coagulation)
  2. Granulation tissue (angiogenesis)
  3. Callus formation (soft -> hard; differentiation of MSCs)
  4. Remodeling
41
Q

What are MSCs?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells, precursor for bones and cartilage

42
Q

Meniscus, tendons & ligaments heal ____

A

slowly

43
Q

Healing of long bones can take up to _ months

A

6

44
Q

Healing of stress fractures can take up to _ weeks

A

4

45
Q

What are 8 complications of fractures?

A
  • Vascular damage (bleeding, hypovolemic shock)
  • Infection
  • Associated injuries
  • Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES)
  • Thromboembolism
  • Compartment syndrome
  • Complex Regional Syndrome (CRPS)
  • Fracture blisters
46
Q

Pneumothorax means ____ in the ____ space of the lungs

A

air, pleural

47
Q

Traumatic tension pneumothorax leads to an ____ of pressure within the pleural space, which can cause what to collapse?

A

increase, lungs

48
Q

What are 5 s&s of tension pneumothorax?

A
  • SOB
  • Cyanosis
  • Decreased O2 sat.
  • Tracheal shift
  • Cardiogenic shock
  • Hypoxemia
49
Q

What are 3 txs for tension pneumothorax?

A
  • O2
  • One-way valve seal
  • Chest tube
50
Q

Hemothorax means ____ in the ____ space of the lungs

A

blood, pleural

51
Q

Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES) is ____ or ____ ____ tissue in circulation

A

Adipose, bone marrow

52
Q

FES occurs due to what type of bone fracture?

A

Long

53
Q

What are 11 s&s of FES?

A
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • CVA
  • Skin rash
  • Chest pain
  • SOB
  • Decreased O2 sat
  • Cyanosis
  • Pallor
  • Change in LOC
  • Seizure
  • Diffuse rash on upper body
54
Q

What are 3 txs for FES?

A
  • Prophylaxis is best
  • Oxygenation
  • Glucocorticoids
55
Q

Thromboembolisms (DVT or PE) are due to:

A

Low mobility with injuries

56
Q

What are 3 prophylactic txs for thromboembolisms?

A
  • Anticoagulants
  • Compression devices
  • Early ambulation
57
Q

What are 2 examples of anticoagulants?

A
  • Heparin

- Enoxaprin

58
Q

Acute compartment syndrome is ____ pressure within a body compartment due to ____, causing ____ volume

A

high, inflammation, increased

59
Q

What is the etiology of acute compartment syndrome?

A
  • Post injury

- Common with immobilization devices

60
Q

What are the 5 s&s of acute compartment syndrome?

A
  • Swelling
  • Worsening pain
  • Loss of sensation
  • Loss of motor function
  • Loss of reflexes
61
Q

How do you treat acute compartment syndrome?

A

Relieve pressure + elevate immediately

62
Q

What is Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)?

A

Higher pain than injury warrants

63
Q

What are some characteristics of pain in CRPS?

A
  • Severe
  • Burning
  • Aching
  • Elicited by low stimulus
64
Q

What are some physiologic changes as a s&s of CRPS?

A

Skin: shiny, thin, eczema
Tissue: muscle wasting

65
Q

What is the etiology of CRPS?

A

Inadequate pain management for initial acute pain

66
Q

What are 3 txs for CRPS?

A
  • Prophylaxis with adequate pain management
  • Physiotherapy for mobilization
  • Chronic paint treatment
67
Q

What are lacerations?

A

Integumentary tearing

68
Q

What are 4 things to assess for lacerations?

A
  • Size
  • Depth
  • Deformity
  • Contusion (bruise)
69
Q

What are 2 txs for lacerations?

A
  • Asepsis

- Closure

70
Q

What are the 3 aspects of asepsis tx for lacerations?

A
  • Cleansing wound (irrigation)
  • Decontamination (debridement, antimicrobials)
  • Prevention (vaccination)
71
Q

Contusions are a ____ tissue injury, where the skin is ____ and there is ____ hemorrhage

A

soft, intact, local

72
Q

Large hemorrhage can lead a contusion developing into a:

A

hematoma

73
Q

What are 3 txs for contusions?

A
  • Control inflammation
  • Aspiration with a needle
  • NSAIDs
74
Q

Compresses for contusions should be what temperature immediately?

A

Cold

75
Q

Strains are a ____ overload of what 2 types of complexes?

A

mechanical, muscle or muscle-tendon

76
Q

What are 3 s&s of strain?

A
  • Inflammation
  • Pain
  • Increased pain with aggravating activity
77
Q

What are some common strains?

A
  • Lower back
  • Joints (elbows + shoulders)
  • Feet
  • C spine
78
Q

What are 5 txs for sprains?

A
  • Compression (cold or warm)
  • NSAIDs
  • Rest
  • Rehabilitation
  • Prophylaxis (stretching)
79
Q

Sprains are a ____ overload of a ____

A

mechanical, joint

80
Q

What are 4 s&s of sprains?

A
  • Pain
  • Inflammation
  • Contusion
  • Decreased function
81
Q

What is the tx of sprains similar to?

A

Strains, but may require surery

82
Q

What are some common sprains?

A
  • Ankle (inversion)
  • Knee
  • Elbow
  • Wrist
83
Q

What is the difference between a dislocation and subluxation?

A

Dislocation is a complete joint displacement, whereas subluxation is incomplete

84
Q

What are 3 causes of dislocations?

A
  • Direct force (traumatic)
  • Congenital (hip at birth)
  • Pathologic (arthritis)
85
Q

What type of joint is most common for dislocations?

A

Ball + socket (ie. shoulder)

86
Q

What is a potential complication for dislocations?

A

Nerve/blood vessel injury

87
Q

What are 3 txs for dislocation?

A
  • Assess level of injury
  • Manual closed reduction maneuvers
  • Analgesia

N216 A/B (26 decks)

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