[216B] Tissue Integrity: Trauma Flashcards

1
Q

VO2 max is measured in _/__ and determines what 3 things?

A

L/min

  • Circulation capacity
  • Lung capacity
  • O2 delivery to muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

During activity, the SNS stimulates which gland secretion?

A

Adrenal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

With adrenal gland hormone secretion during activity, vaso____ occurs in high output organs (ie. brain)

A

dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

CO ____ with activity to match demand

A

increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 3 byproducts of aerobic metabolism using pyruvate and how are they excreted?

A
  • CO2 (exhaled)
  • H2O (diaphoresis)
  • Heat (warm/flushed)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Anaerobic metabolism occurs when demand ____ supply

A

exceeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism?

A

Lactate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are 4 categories of causes of fatigue?

A
  • Physiologic
  • Psychologic
  • Pathologic
  • Unknown
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Physiologic fatigue is inadequate ___ to generate muscle activity, whereas psychologic is inadequate ___ ability

A

ATP, CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the most common unknown cause of fatigue?

A

Chronic fatigue syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are 3 characteristics of acute fatigue?

A
  • Sudden onset
  • Clear cause
  • Rest –> recovery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are 5 characteristics of chronic fatigue?

A
  • Unclear onset + causality
  • Rest -x-> recovery
  • Accumulates
  • Interferes with ADLs
  • Causes other pathologies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chronic fatigue syndrome has an ____ onset, ____ duration, and ____ symptomology

A

insidious, long, non-specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are 4 diagnostic s&s of chronic fatigue syndrome?

A
  • Chronic fatigue >6 months with effect on ADLs
  • Post-exercise malaise
  • Unrefreshing rest/sleep
  • Cognitive or orthostatic effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are 3 txs for chronic fatigue syndrome?

A
  • CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy)
  • Team approach
  • Management of associated pathologies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

MSK system is __% of body mass and includes what 3 things?

A

70%

  • Bones
  • Cartilage
  • Soft tissue in joints, ligaments, tendons + muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the difference between a ligament and a tendon?

A

Ligaments: connect bone to bone
Tendons: connect muscle to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does color of bone marrow change with growth and development?

A

Kids: red
Adults: yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Acute fractures are caused by ____ ____ whereas chronic fractures are caused by ____

A

sudden force, overuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Contusions, dislocations and sprains may occur due to ____ fractures

A

acute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Tendon strains may occur due to ____ fractures

A

chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are 6 s&s of fractures?

A
  • Severe pain (initial numbness aka local shock)
  • Inflammation
  • Hematoma
  • Deformity
  • Loss of function
  • Injury to surrounding area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 3 types of unstable fractures?

A
  • Oblique (diagonal)
  • Spiral (torsion)
  • Comminuted (fragmented)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the difference between an open/compound fracture and a closed/simple fracture?

A

Open breaks through skin whereas closed doesn’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the difference between a compression fracture and an impacted fracture?
Compression: 2 bones crushed together Impacted: fracture fragments crushed together
26
Describe a greenstick fracture and what demographic is at most risk
- One side of bone is broken, the other side is bent | - Peds, because their bones are bendy
27
Describe an avulsed fracture
Fragment of bone is pulled away from tendon/attachment
28
Epiphyseal fractures occur in what demographic? Why?
Children, cause they're still growing
29
Which types of epiphyseal fractures impacts growth?
3-5
30
What are the 6 txs for all fractures?
- Pain management - Inflammation management - Complication management - Immobilization - Reduction - Restoration of function
31
What are the 3 main categories of medications for tx of fractures?
- Analgesics - Anti-inflammatories - Anesthesia
32
What are 4 types of anesthesia?
- Local - Nerve block - Spinal - General
33
What is reduction?
Restoration of alignment
34
What are 2 methods of reduction for closed fractures?
- External traction (pulls) | - External fixation (stabilizes)
35
What are 2 methods of reduction for open fractures?
- Surgical reduction | - Internal fixation
36
Immobilization maintains ____
alignment
37
What are 3 methods for restoration of function?
- Rehabilitation exercises - Physiotherapy - Occupational therapy
38
What are 4 hormones important for bone healing?
- Vitamin D - Calcitonin - Thyroid hormone - Growth hormone
39
What is the function of osteoblasts?
Synthesis of bone
40
What are the 4 stages of bone healing?
1. Hematoma (inflammation + coagulation) 2. Granulation tissue (angiogenesis) 3. Callus formation (soft -> hard; differentiation of MSCs) 4. Remodeling
41
What are MSCs?
Mesenchymal stem cells, precursor for bones and cartilage
42
Meniscus, tendons & ligaments heal ____
slowly
43
Healing of long bones can take up to _ months
6
44
Healing of stress fractures can take up to _ weeks
4
45
What are 8 complications of fractures?
- Vascular damage (bleeding, hypovolemic shock) - Infection - Associated injuries - Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES) - Thromboembolism - Compartment syndrome - Complex Regional Syndrome (CRPS) - Fracture blisters
46
Pneumothorax means ____ in the ____ space of the lungs
air, pleural
47
Traumatic tension pneumothorax leads to an ____ of pressure within the pleural space, which can cause what to collapse?
increase, lungs
48
What are 5 s&s of tension pneumothorax?
- SOB - Cyanosis - Decreased O2 sat. - Tracheal shift - Cardiogenic shock - Hypoxemia
49
What are 3 txs for tension pneumothorax?
- O2 - One-way valve seal - Chest tube
50
Hemothorax means ____ in the ____ space of the lungs
blood, pleural
51
Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES) is ____ or ____ ____ tissue in circulation
Adipose, bone marrow
52
FES occurs due to what type of bone fracture?
Long
53
What are 11 s&s of FES?
- Pulmonary embolism - CVA - Skin rash - Chest pain - SOB - Decreased O2 sat - Cyanosis - Pallor - Change in LOC - Seizure - Diffuse rash on upper body
54
What are 3 txs for FES?
- Prophylaxis is best - Oxygenation - Glucocorticoids
55
Thromboembolisms (DVT or PE) are due to:
Low mobility with injuries
56
What are 3 prophylactic txs for thromboembolisms?
- Anticoagulants - Compression devices - Early ambulation
57
What are 2 examples of anticoagulants?
- Heparin | - Enoxaprin
58
Acute compartment syndrome is ____ pressure within a body compartment due to ____, causing ____ volume
high, inflammation, increased
59
What is the etiology of acute compartment syndrome?
- Post injury | - Common with immobilization devices
60
What are the 5 s&s of acute compartment syndrome?
- Swelling - Worsening pain - Loss of sensation - Loss of motor function - Loss of reflexes
61
How do you treat acute compartment syndrome?
Relieve pressure + elevate immediately
62
What is Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)?
Higher pain than injury warrants
63
What are some characteristics of pain in CRPS?
- Severe - Burning - Aching - Elicited by low stimulus
64
What are some physiologic changes as a s&s of CRPS?
Skin: shiny, thin, eczema Tissue: muscle wasting
65
What is the etiology of CRPS?
Inadequate pain management for initial acute pain
66
What are 3 txs for CRPS?
- Prophylaxis with adequate pain management - Physiotherapy for mobilization - Chronic paint treatment
67
What are lacerations?
Integumentary tearing
68
What are 4 things to assess for lacerations?
- Size - Depth - Deformity - Contusion (bruise)
69
What are 2 txs for lacerations?
- Asepsis | - Closure
70
What are the 3 aspects of asepsis tx for lacerations?
- Cleansing wound (irrigation) - Decontamination (debridement, antimicrobials) - Prevention (vaccination)
71
Contusions are a ____ tissue injury, where the skin is ____ and there is ____ hemorrhage
soft, intact, local
72
Large hemorrhage can lead a contusion developing into a:
hematoma
73
What are 3 txs for contusions?
- Control inflammation - Aspiration with a needle - NSAIDs
74
Compresses for contusions should be what temperature immediately?
Cold
75
Strains are a ____ overload of what 2 types of complexes?
mechanical, muscle or muscle-tendon
76
What are 3 s&s of strain?
- Inflammation - Pain - Increased pain with aggravating activity
77
What are some common strains?
- Lower back - Joints (elbows + shoulders) - Feet - C spine
78
What are 5 txs for sprains?
- Compression (cold or warm) - NSAIDs - Rest - Rehabilitation - Prophylaxis (stretching)
79
Sprains are a ____ overload of a ____
mechanical, joint
80
What are 4 s&s of sprains?
- Pain - Inflammation - Contusion - Decreased function
81
What is the tx of sprains similar to?
Strains, but may require surery
82
What are some common sprains?
- Ankle (inversion) - Knee - Elbow - Wrist
83
What is the difference between a dislocation and subluxation?
Dislocation is a complete joint displacement, whereas subluxation is incomplete
84
What are 3 causes of dislocations?
- Direct force (traumatic) - Congenital (hip at birth) - Pathologic (arthritis)
85
What type of joint is most common for dislocations?
Ball + socket (ie. shoulder)
86
What is a potential complication for dislocations?
Nerve/blood vessel injury
87
What are 3 txs for dislocation?
- Assess level of injury - Manual closed reduction maneuvers - Analgesia