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Troy PPL > Performance + Limitations > Flashcards

Performance + Limitations Flashcards

1
Q

4 dynamics of force

A

lift, weight, thrust, drag

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2
Q

what flight condition will result in the sum of opposing forces being equal

A

in steady-state, straight-and-level, unaccelerated flight

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3
Q

what is an airfoil? Example?

A

device which gets a useful reaction from air moving over its surface, namely LIFT. Wings, horizontal stabilizer,

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4
Q

what is angle of incidence

A

angle formed by the longitudinal axis of airplane and the chord of the wing. measured by angle which wing is attached to the fuselage

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5
Q

what is relative wind

A

direction of airflow with respect to the wing

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6
Q

what is the angle of attach

A

angle between the wing chord line and direction of the relative wind

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7
Q

what is Bernoulli’s principle

A

the pressure of a liquid or gas decreases at points where the speed increases

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8
Q

example of Bernoullis principle

A

the wing has increased velocity above its surface, decreasing pressure above the airfoil

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9
Q

what are several factors that affect both lift and drag

A

wing area, shape of the airfoil, angle of attack, velocity of the air, air density

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10
Q

what is torque effect

A

involves newtons 3rd law, as the prop is turning in one direction, the airplane wants to go the opposite direction

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11
Q

what reaction does torque effect have on the airplane in the air

A

it wants to make the airplane roll

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12
Q

what reaction does torque effect have on the airplane on the ground

A

during the takeoff roll, since the left side of the airplane is being forced down by torque reaction, more weight is on the left causing more drag and friction making left turning tendency

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13
Q

what are the 4 left turning tendencies

A

torque effect, gyroscopic precession, p-factor, and slipstream

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14
Q

describe the torque effect left turning tendency

A

rotation of prop (from the cockpit) to the right, tends to roll/bank the airplane to the left

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15
Q

describe gyroscopic precession left turning tendency

A

if the axis of the prop is tilted, the resultant force will be excepted 90 degrees ahead in the direction of the rotation

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16
Q

describe the slipstream left turning tendency

A

the slipstream strikes the vertical tail surface on the left side pushing the tail to the right and yawing it to the left

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17
Q

describe p-factor left turning tendency

A

the downward moving blade moves faster than the other side meeting the relative wind causing greater thrust on the downward part on the right side and forces the plane to war to the left

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18
Q

what is centrifugal force

A

the “equal and opposite reaction” of the airplane to change in direction and it acts “equal and opposite” to the horizontal lift component

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19
Q

what is load factor

A

the ratio of the total load supported by the airplanes wing to the actual weight of the airplane + contents

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20
Q

why is load factor important to pilots (2 reasons)

A
  1. the dangerous overload that is possible to impose on the aircraft structure
  2. an increased load factor increases stalling speed and makes it possible at seemingly safe flight speeds
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21
Q

what situations can result in load factors reaching maximum extent

A

level turns - especially those after45/50 degrees of bank
turbulence - can change angle of attack suddenly, resulting in large loads
speed - the amount of excess load that can be imposed on wind depends on how fast the airplane is flying

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22
Q

what are the different operational categories of aircraft?

A

normal, utility, aerobatic

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23
Q

what operational category is the C-172S

A

normal/utility

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24
Q

what does an increase in load factor have on stalling speeds

A

as it increases, stalling speed increases

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25
Q

define the term maneuvering speed

A

the maximum speed at which the limit load can be imposed without causing structural damage

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26
Q

what is the effect on maneuvering speed with an increase or decrease in weight

A

maneuvering speed increases with an increase in weight and decreases with a decrease in weight

27
Q

define loss-of-control-inflight (LOC-I)

A

a significant deviation of an aircraft from its intended flight path and is most common when maneuvering

28
Q

what causes an airplane to stall

A

an excessive angle of attack with a disruption of airflow over the wing

29
Q

what is a spin

A

a controlled or uncontrolled maneuver which the airplane depends on a helical path.

30
Q

what causes a spin

A

exceeding the critical angle of attack while applying excessive or insufficient rudder, one wing is more stalled than the other

31
Q

when is a spin most likely to occur

A

engine failure during takeoff on climb out, a slip or skid from base to final, engine failure on approach to land, and a go around with full nose-up trim

32
Q

how to recover from stall (PARE

A

Power - idle
Ailerons - neutral
Rudder - full opposite against rotation
Elevator - fully forward, breaks stall

33
Q

what causes adverse yaw

A

when the airplane turns, the downward deflected aileron produces more lift than the opposing one. Since it produces more lift, it produces more drag, attempting to pull it the opposite direction of the turn

34
Q

what is ground effect

A

a condition of improved performance by the airplane when operating near the ground. too much airflow going over wings so it cannot land

35
Q

problems caused by ground effect

A

it can become difficult to lift off and land

36
Q

what is empty weight

A

weight of just the airframe, engine, all permanently installed equipment, and unusable fuel

37
Q

what is gross weight

A

maximum allowable weight of both airplane and its contents

38
Q

what is useful load

A

weight of the pilot, copilot, passengers, baggage, usable fuel and drainable oil

39
Q

definition of arm

A

horizontal distance from reference datum line to the center of gravity

40
Q

definition of moment

A

the product of the weight of an item multiplied by its arm

41
Q

define center of gravity

A

the point an aircraft would balance if suspended at its point

42
Q

definition of datum

A

imaginary plane or line from which all measurements of arm are taken

43
Q

equation for moment

A

weight x arm

44
Q

equation for weight

A

moment/arm

45
Q

equation for arm (CG)

A

total moment/total weight

46
Q

what performance characteristics will be adversely affected with an overloaded aircraft

A

higher takeoff speed and longer run, reduced rate and angle of climb, lower max alt, shorter range, reduced cruising speed, reduced maneuverability, higher stall speeds, higher landing speed and longer roll

47
Q

effect of a forward cg on an aircraft

A

higher stall speeds
slower cruise speed
more stable
greater back pressure on elevator

48
Q

effects of an aft cg on an aircraft

A

lower stall speed
higher cruise speed
less stable

49
Q

what is the weight of fuel per pound

A

6lbs per gallon

50
Q

main elements of aircraft performance (9)

A

takeoff/landing distance, rate of climb, ceiling, payload, range, speed, fuel economy, maneuverability, stability

51
Q

what factors affect performance of aircraft during takeoffs and landings

A

air density, surface wind, runway surface, upslope or downslope of runway, and weight

52
Q

effect of winds taking off

A

headwind increases performance and tailwind decreases performance

53
Q

effect of winds landing

A

headwind increases performance and tailwind decreases performance

54
Q

effects of wind during cruise flight

A

headwind decreases performance and tail wind increases

55
Q

how does increased weight affect takeoff and landing distances

A

higher liftoff speed, slower acceleration, increased drag and friction, and longer takeoff distance

56
Q

what effect does an increase in density altitude have on takeoff and landing performance

A

increased takeoff distance, reduced rate of climb, increased true airspeed on approach and landing, and increased landing roll distance

57
Q

definition of density altitude

A

pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temp

58
Q

how does air density affect aircraft performance

A

direct effect on: lift produced by wings, power output of the engine, prop efficiency, and drag forces

59
Q

what factors affect air density

A

altitude - higher alt, less dense
temp - warmer air, less dense
humidity - more humid, less dense

60
Q

study V speeds for C-172s

A

blah blah blah

61
Q

difference between best glide speed and minimum sink

A

best glide - speed and config that provides greatest forward distance for a given loss of alt
minimum sink - airplane losing altitude at lowest rate

62
Q

how many miles can the 172s glide per 1000ft of alt

A

1.5NM per 1000ft

63
Q

define pressure alt

A

altitude indicated when altimeter is adjusted to 29.92

64
Q
A

Troy PPL (7 decks)

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