Operations of Systems Flashcards
what are the 4 main control surfaces (NOT PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS)
elevators, ailerons, rudder, and trim tabs
what do elevators do
control movement of plane over the lateral axis, also called PITCH
what do the ailerons do
control the planes movement of the longitudinal axis, also called ROLL
what does the rudder do
controls movement of airplane of the vertical axis, also called YAW
what do trim tabs do
labor-saving devices that enable pilot to release manual pressure on controls
how are the various flight controls operated
through the use of a rod or cable system
what are flaps
movable panels on inboard trailing edges of wings
what are the functions of flaps
to permit a slower airspeed and a steeper angle of descent during a landing approach and also, in some cases, shorten takeoff distance
what landing gear system does the C-172S have
a tricycle landing gear with 2 main wheels and a steerable, hydraulic nose-wheel
describe the braking system on the C-172S
hydraulically actuated disc-type breaks on each main wheel
how are the brakes connected to the cabin in a 172s
the hydraulic line connects each brake to a master cylinder located on each pilots rudder petal
how is steering accomplished on the ground
with nose-wheel steering with s system linkage through the rudders
what type of engine does the C-172S have
Lycoming IO-360
specific details of the C-172S engine
horizontally opposed, direct drive, normally aspirated, fuel injected, air cooled with 360 cu. in. of displacement
what are the 4 strokes of an engine in each cylinder
intake, compression, power, and exhaust
describe the intake phase in a cylinder
the piston starts downward travel, causing intake valve to open and fuel-air mixture to be drawn into the cylinder
describe the compression phase in a cylinder
intake valve closes, piston starts to move back up to top
describe the power phase in a cylinder
the fuel-air mixture is ignited which causes tremendous pressure increase and forces cylinder downward creating power to turn the crankshaft
describe the exhaust phase in a cylinder
purges cylinder of burned gases and begins when exhaust valve opens and piston moves toward cylinder head again
what does the carburetor do
process of mixing fuel and air in correct porportions
how does carb heat system work
controlled by pilot to let unfiltered, heated air from a shroud around the exhaust riser or muffler
what change occurs to the fuel/air mixture when applying carb heat
less air is involved because the air is warmer and less dense, causing the mixture to richen since fuel flow stays the same
what does the throttle do
allows the pilot to manually control the amount of fuel/air charge entering the cylinders
what does the mixture control do
controls the fuel-to-air ratio
describe a fuel-injection system
injects fuel directly into the cylinders just ahead of the intake valve
what does the engine-driven fuel pump do
provides fuel under pressure from the fuel take to the fuel/air control unit
what is the fuel/air control unit
meters fuel based on the mixture control setting and sends it to the fuel manifold valve
what does the fuel manifold valve do
distributes fuel to the individual fuel discharge nozzles
purpose of discharge nozzles in a fuel injected system
in each cylinder head, these inject the fuel/air mixture at the precise time for each cylinder directly into the cylinder intake port
auxiliary fuel pump in a fuel injected system purpose
provides fuel under pressure to fuel/air control unit for engine starting and/or emergency use
fuel pressure/flow indicators
measures metered fuel pressure/flow
what type of ignition system does the C-172S have
the engine ignition has 2 engine driven magnetos and 2 spark plugs per cylinder
is the ignition system in a 172 independent from the electrical system and why/why not
yes because the magnetos are engine-driven self-contained units that supply electrical current without an external source of current once the engine is started
what are the 2 main advantages of a dual ignition system
- increased safety - incase 1 fails, there’s a backup
- more complete and even combustion of the mixture and improved engine performance
what is the purpose of fuel tank vents
it allows the air to enter the fuel tank in order to not create a vacuum as fuel is burned
what type of fuel does the C-172S require
either Grade 100 or 100LL
what color is grade 100 fuel
green
what color is grade 100LL fuel
blue
can you put any other type of fuel into the engine other than what is needed by the C-172S
no
function of the manual primer and how does it operate
provide assistance in starting the engine. it draws fuel from fuel strainer and injects it directly into cylinder intake ports
what is the electrical system in the C-172S
Abelt-driven, 28 volt, 60 ampere alternator
how are the circuits protected within the aircraft
by circuit breakers, fuses, or both
what does the ammeter indicate
the flow of current in amps from the alternator to the battery or from battery to the electrical system
function of the voltage regulator
a device which monitors system voltage, detects changes, and makes the required adjustment in the output of the alternator
why is the generator/alternator voltage output slightly higher than the battery voltage
the difference keeps the battery charged
how does aircraft cabin heat work
fresh air, heated by exhaust shroud, is directed to the cabin through a series of ducts
how does the pilot control temp in the cabin
by mixing outside air with cabin heat
5 basic functions of the aircraft engine oil
lubricate, cools, removes (heat), seals, and cleans
how does an aircraft deicing system work
boots on the leading edge of the wings inflate and deflate
what is detonation
an uncontrolled, explosive ignition of the fuel/air mixture in the cylinder
what are the effects of detonation
excessive temperatures and pressure that can lead to the failure of the piston, cylinder, or valves
what is detonation characterized by
high cylinder head temperatures
what are common causes for detonation
using lower fuel grade than needed, operating with extremely high manifold pressure with low RPM, engine at high power setting with excessively lean mixture, or extended ground/steep climbs where cylinder cooling is reduced
how do you stop detonation
make sure mixture is enriched and its the right fuel being used, lower pitch angle to get air into the cowling
what is preignition
when fuel/air mixture ignites prior to engines normal ignition event resulting in reduced engine power and high operating temps
what do you do to stop preignition
anything to cool the engine
what does it mean when if you switch the mag from both to right and there is no RPM drop
the left P-lead is not grounding
what action should be done if ammeter indicates a continuous discharge in flight
the alternator has quit. you should turn off the alternator and pull the circuit breaker and turn off all electrical equipment that is nonessential to flight
what does it mean if your oil pressure is low but temp is normal
it could be many things, most being low amount of oil. it could also be a clogged oil pressure relief valve or an oil pressure gauge malfunction
what should you do following a partial loss of power in flight
check fuel in each tank, check fuel selected valve and shutoff valve position, check mixture control, check operation of mags
what should you do in an engine fire
idle the mixture, shutoff fuel flow, turn master off, set cabin heat and air vents to off, establish airspeed of 100knots and execute forced landing checklist
what instruments run off of the pitot/static system
altimeter, VSI, airspeed indicator
how does an altimeter work
an aneroid barometer that measures absolute pressure of the air and displays it in terms of feet above a selected pressure level
what is absolute altitude
vertical distance of an aircraft above the terrain
what is indicated altitude
the altitude read directly from the altimeter after it is set to the current altimeter setting
what is pressure altitude
the altitude when altimeter is adjusted to 29.92
what is true altitude
the true vertical distance of the aircraft above sea level
what is density altitude
pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temp variations
how does the airspeed indicator operate
it measures the difference between ram pressure from the pitot head and undisturbed atmospheric pressure from the static source
what is the limitation of the airspeed indicator
it is subject to improper flow of air in the pitot/static system
what is position error of the airspeed indicator
static ports sensing erroneous static pressure; slipstream flow disturbs the port preventing actual atmospheric pressure
what is the density error of the airspeed indicator
changes in altitude and temp aren’t compensated by the instrument
what is the compressibility error of the airspeed indicator
caused by packing or air into the pitot tube at high airspeeds, resulting in a higher than normal indication
what is indicated airspeed
speed of airplane as observed on the airspeed indicator, without corrections
what is calibrated airspeed
airspeed reading corrected for position and instrument errors.
when does calibrated airspeed equal true air speed
at sea level in standard atmospheric conditions
what is equivalent airspeed
airspeed indicator reading corrected for position, or instrument error, and for adiabatic compressible flow from the particular altitude
what is true airspeed
it is calibrated airspeed corrected for altitude and nonstandard pressure
what does Va stand for
maximum speed at which the structural designs limit load can be imposed
what does VLO stand for (v-speed)
maximum speed for extending or retracting the landing gear
what does Vx stand for
best angle of climb over a certain amount of distance
what does Vy stand for
best rate of climb over a given period of time
what does Vso stand for
stall speed landing configuration
what does Vfe stand for
maximum flap extension speed
what does Vs1 stand for
stall speed clean or specified configuration
what does Vno stand for
maximum structural cruising speed
what does Vne stand for
never exceed speed
how does the vertical speed indicator work
a pressure differential instrument that uses an aneroid. as aircraft ascends, the static pressure becomes lower and the pressure inside the case compresses the aneroid
what are the limitations of the vertical speed indicator
not accurate until aircraft is stabilized
what instruments contain gyroscopes
the turn coordinator, the heading indicator (directional gyro), and the attitude indicator (artificial horizon)
what are the 2 main fundamental properties for a gyroscope
rigidity in space and precession
what is rigidity in space in reference to a gyroscope
the gyroscope remains in a fixed position in the plane in which it is spinning
what is precession relating to a gyroscope
the tilting or turning of a gyro in response to a deflective force
how does the vacuum system operate
an engine-driven vacuum pump provides suction which pulls air from the instrument case
how does the attitude indicator work
the gyro is mounted on a horizontal plane and depends upon rigidity
