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Troy PPL > FUN WEATHER WOOOOOOOOO > Flashcards

FUN WEATHER WOOOOOOOOO Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of low pressure air

A

movement inwards, upward, and counterclockwise

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2
Q

characteristics of high pressure air

A

movement outward, downward, and clockwise

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3
Q

what weather can you expect in a low pressure area

A

rising air which conducts cloudiness, precipitation, and bad weather

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4
Q

what weather can you expect in a high pressure area

A

descending air which favors dissipation of clouds and good weather

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5
Q

cold front definition

A

a mass of cold, dense, and stable air replaces a body of warmer air

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6
Q

warm front

A

a mass of warm air overtakes a body of cold air

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7
Q

occluded front

A

when a fast moving cold front catches up with a slow-moving warm front

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8
Q

stationery front

A

forces of 2 air masses are relatively equal, the boundary that separates them remains stationary. weather is a mixture of both a warm and cold front

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9
Q

characteristics of a cold front

A

cumulus/cumulonimbus clouds, better visibility (when no rain), variable/gusting winds, unstable air, dew/temp point and barometric pressure drop rapidly

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10
Q

characteristics of a warm front

A

stratiform clouds, poor visibility, stable air

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11
Q

what is a trough

A

an elongated area of relatively low pressure

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12
Q

how does air flow in a trough

A

since it cannot go down or out, it must go up, meaning rising air

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13
Q

what is a ridge

A

an elongated area of relatively high pressure

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14
Q

how does air flow in a ridge

A

the air moving out depletes the quantity of air, creating areas of descending air

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15
Q

standard temp and pressure values

A

15 C/59 F and 29.92” Hg or 1013.2 millibars

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16
Q

what are isobars

A

line on a weather chart that connects areas of equal or constant barometric pressure

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17
Q

what do the spacing of isobars show

A

how steep or shallow the pressure gradient is

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18
Q

what does it mean when isobars are very spaced out

A

a shallow pressure gradient and less wind speed

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19
Q

what does it mean when isobars are spaced very closely

A

a steep pressure gradient and higher wind speed

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20
Q

name of the force of wind that deflects wind to the right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern

A

Coriolis force - at a right angle to wind direction and is directly proportional to wind speed

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21
Q

why do surface winds generally flow across the isobars at an angle

A

surface friction

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22
Q

atmospheric pressure lapse rate

A

1” Hg per 1000 ft

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23
Q

what is dew point

A

temp at which a sample of air must be cooled gain a state of saturation

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24
Q

what weather is likely when temperature and dew point are close (within 5 C)

A

visible moisture like clouds, dew, or fog. Ideal conditions for carb icing

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25
Q

what factor primarily determines type and vertical extent of clouds

A

the stability of the atmosphere

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26
Q

what is a stable atmosphere

A

a stable atmosphere makes vertical movement difficult and small vertical disturbances dampen and disappear

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27
Q

what is an unstable atmosphere

A

small, vertical air movements become larger, resulting in turbulent airflow and convective activity

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28
Q

effects of stable air

A

clouds - stratiform, turbulence - small/smooth, precipitation - steady, visibility - ok/poor

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29
Q

effects of unstable air

what clouds, turblence, precipitation, and visibility

A

clouds - cumuliform, turbulence - rough, precipitation - showery, visibility - good

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30
Q

when significant precipitation is occurring at the surface, how thick can you expect the clouds to be

A

at least 4,000. the heavier the precipitation, the thicker the clouds are likely

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31
Q

important meteorological information to take during preflight planning

A

location of fronts, cloud layers, freezing levels, and air temp and pressure

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32
Q

definition of freezing level

A

lowest altitude over a given location at which the air temp reaches 0 C.

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33
Q

how can you determine where freezing level is (10)

A

current icing products (CIP), forecast icing products (FIP), freezing level graphic chart, as well as GFAs, PIREPs, AIRMETs, SIGMETs, surface analysis charts, low-level significant weather charts, and winds and temp aloft

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34
Q

conditions necessary for structural icing to occur

A

visible moisture and below freezing temperatures at the point the moisture hits the aircraft

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35
Q

2 main categories of aircraft icing

A

structural icing and induction icing

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36
Q

what is structural icing

A

ice that forms on aircraft surfaces and components

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37
Q

what is induction icing

A

ice that forms in the engines induction system

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38
Q

3 types of structural icing

A

clear, rime, and mixed ice

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39
Q

what is clear ice

A

ice that forms after impact when remaining liquid flows over the aircraft surface and freezes as a smooth sheet

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40
Q

what is rime ice

A

the liquid portion remaining after initial impact freezes rapidly before the drop spreads

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41
Q

what is mixed ice

A

drops vary in size and ice particles become imbedded in clear ice building rough accumulation

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42
Q

what action is recommended if you encounter icing

A

leave area of visible moisture either by climbing or turning to a different course

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43
Q

is frost considered hazardous

A

yes

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44
Q

why is frost considered hazardous

A

while it doesn’t change the basic aerodynamics, the roughness spoils the smooth flow of air

45
Q

what factors must be present for a thunderstorm to form

A

water vapor, an unstable lapse rate, and an initial upward lifting action

46
Q

three stages of a thunder storm are

A

mature, cumulus, dissipating

47
Q

characteristics of the mature stage

A

updrafts and clouds begin to form with water vapor increasing in size

48
Q

characteristics of the cumulus stage

A

rain at surface, it falls through or immediately beside the updrafts, lightning and maybe roll clouds

49
Q

characteristics of the dissipating stage

A

downdrafts and rain begins to fall

50
Q

what is a temp inversion

A

an increase in temperature with height which can allow warm rain to fall through cold air below. critical to icing.

51
Q

characteristics of a ground-based temperature inversion

A

poor visibility by trapping fog, smoke and other restrictions into low levels. the air is stable with little to no turbulence

52
Q

how does fog form

A

when temperature and dew point of air become close by 5 C or less

53
Q

5 types of fog

A

radiation, advection, upslope, precipitation-induced, and steam fog

54
Q

what is radiation fog

A

warm ground is cooled by the colder airmass and the warmth moves up from the surface

55
Q

what is advection fog

A

movement of warm humid air over a cold surface. primarily in costal areas during winter

56
Q

what is upslope fog

A

moist stable air being cooled as it moves up sloping terrain

57
Q

what is precipitation fog

A

fog that is produced as the air becomes too saturated with water

58
Q

what is wind shear

A

the rate of change in wind velocity per unit distance

59
Q

where is wind shear likely to occur

A

in a low-level temp inversion, in a frontal zone/thunderstorm, and clear air turbulence at high levels associated with a jet stream

60
Q

why is wind shear an operational concern

A

unexpected change in wind speed/direction can be very hazardous to aircraft at low altitudes on approach to and departing airports

61
Q

what types of weather info will you examine to determine if wind shear conditions might affect your flight

A

terminal forecasts, meters, severe weather watch reports, sigmets/convective sigmet, LLWAS, and pireps

62
Q

what is the primary means of obtaining weather

A

A Flight Service Station (FSS) is the primary source for preflight info

63
Q

examples of other sources of weather info

A
  1. information from numerous private industry sources
  2. Flight Information Services (FIS-B with ADS-B In)
  3. aviation weather cams (in alaska)
64
Q

does weather provided by an entity other than FAA, NWS, or their contractors meet preflight action required by 91.103

A

no

65
Q

what are the 4 types of weather briefings

A

standard, abbreviated, outlook, and inflight briefing

66
Q

standard briefing is

A

a request when planning a flight and have not already received a previous brief

67
Q

an abbreviated briefing is

A

a request when you need update a previous briefing or when you only need 1 or 2 items

68
Q

an outlook briefing is

A

a request when departure time is six or more hours from the time of the briefing

69
Q

an inflight briefing is

A

a request when you need to update a preflight briefing

70
Q

what info should a weather briefing have? (AIM 7-1-5)

A
  1. adverse conditions
  2. VFR not recommended
  3. synopsis
  4. current conditions
  5. enroute forecast
  6. destination forecast
  7. winds aloft
  8. NOTAMs
  9. ATC delays
71
Q

what is FIS-B

A

a ground based broadcast service through ADS-B UAT network and allows properly equipped aircraft with a 978 MHz data link to receive and display a suite of broadcast weather and aeronautical info

72
Q

can FIS-B be useful in navigating an aircraft around an area of thunderstorms and why/why not

A

no because it is not real-time info since it is updated either 5-15 minutes apart

73
Q

how can a pilot gain updated weather info

A
  1. FSS on 122.2 and appropriate RCO frequencies
  2. ATIS/AWOS/ASAS broadcasts along route
  3. listen to ARTCC broadcasts
  4. datalink weather - cockpit display of FIS-B info
  5. ATC (workload permitting)
74
Q

what is a metar

A

an hourly surface observation of conditions at the airport

75
Q

what are the 2 types of metars

A

a routine METAR report every hour and an aviation selected special weather report (SPECI) for anytime updates

76
Q

know how to decode a metar (no answer)

A

look some up for practice if feeling iffy

77
Q

what are different weather observing programs

A

manual observations, AWOS, AWOS Broadcasts, ASOS/AWOS

78
Q

What is a manual observation

A

reports from airport with FAA personal who manually observe and perform calculation

79
Q

what is AWOS

A

Automated Weather Observing System

80
Q

what is AWOS/ASOS

A

Automated Surface Observing System/Automated Weather Observing System which are the primary surface weather observing the systems

81
Q

what is a pirep and where are they found

A

a pilot report regarding the conditions as they actually exist in the air and are told to the ground facility which communications are established

82
Q

what is a TAF (terminal aerodrome forecast)

A

a concise statement of EXPECTED meteorological conditions for a specified time period within 5 SM

83
Q

decode a TAF (no answer)

A

look up some for practice

84
Q

what is an aviation area forecast (FA)

A

issued for the gulf, Caribbean Sea, and Alaska, its an abbreviated plain language forecast concerning occurrence of specified weather

85
Q

describe the Graphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA)

A

a set of web-based graphics that provide observations, forecasts, and warnings that can be viewed 14 hrs in the past and 15 hrs in the future

86
Q

what does a GFA cover

A

the continental us from surface to FL480 with wind and turbulence in 3,000 ft increments up to 30,000 MSL

87
Q

what are the four types of inflight aviation weather advisories

A

SIGMET, convective SIGMET, AIRMET, and the center weather advisory

88
Q

what is a convective SIGMET

A

implies severe/greater turbulence, icing, and low-level wind shear that the forecaster feels is hazardous for all aircraft

89
Q

what is a SIGMET and its effects

A

weather advisories that are potentially hazardous to all aircraft, all associated with no thunderstorms
1. severe icing and turbulence not associated with thunderstorms,
2. dust storms/sandstorms lowering surface visibility to below 3 miles
3. volcanic ash

90
Q

what is an airmet

A

advisory of significant weather with conditions at intensities lower than required by a SIGMET

91
Q

what are the different types of airmets

A

airmet Sierra, tango, and zulu

92
Q

what is an airmet sierra

A

ifr conditions and/or extensive mountain obscurations

93
Q

what is an airmet tango

A

moderate turbulence, sustained surface winds of 30 knots or greater, and/or non-convective low-level wind sheer

94
Q

what is an airmet zulu

A

moderate icing and provides freezing level heights

95
Q

what is a g-airmet

A

a graphical advisory of weather that is hazardous to aircraft but less severe than sigmets. identifies the weather more precisely than text products

96
Q

describe a winds and temp aloft

A

computer prepped forecasts of wind direction, speed, and temperature at a specified time, altitude, and location

97
Q

valuable info in a winds aloft (inflight information)

A

most favorable altitude- based on winds and direction of flight
temp inversions
turbulence

98
Q

what is a center weather advisory (CWA)

A

an aviation warning for use by aircrews to anticipate/avoid adverse weather conditions in route and terminal environments

99
Q

what is a surface analysis chart

A

analyzed charts of surface weather observations that show several things like highs, lows, ridges, troughs, and fronts

100
Q

how often is a surface analysis chart produced

A

8 times daily

101
Q

what is a ceiling and visibility analysis

A

real-time analysis of current ceiling and visibility conditions

102
Q

ceiling and visibility for LIFR

A

ceiling less than 500ft and/or visibility less than 1 mile

103
Q

ceiling and visibility for IFR

A

ceiling 500 - 1000ft and/or visibility 1 - less than 3 miles

104
Q

ceiling and visibility for MVFR

A

ceiling 1000 - 3000ft and/or visibility 3 - 5 miles inclusive

105
Q

ceiling and visibility for VFR

A

ceiling greater than 3000ft and visibility greater than 5 miles

106
Q

what is a short-range prog chart

A

provides forecast of surface pressure systems, fronts, and precipitation for 2-1/2 day period, with conditions given in 12 hour increments

107
Q

describe a low-level significant weather prog chart

A

provides a forecast of aviation weather hazards primarily intended to be used as guidance for pre-flight briefings for altitudes FL240 and below

108
Q

describe a mid-level significant weather chart

A

provides a forecast and overview of significant en route weather phenomena from flight levels 10,000MSL to FL450

109
Q

what is a convective outlook chart

A

depicts areas forecast to have the potential for severe and non-severe convection and specific severe weather threats during the following 3 days

Troy PPL (7 decks)

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