Performance And Limitations

Question 0

What flight condition will result in the four forces being equal?

Answer 0

Straight and level in accelerated flight

Question 1

What are the four dynamic forces that act on an airplane durning all maneuvers?

Answer 1

Thrust
Lift
Gravity
Drag

Question 2

What is airfoil? State some examples.

Answer 2

A shape that creates lift

Wings, props, vertical tail surfaces

Question 3

What is an angle of incidence?

Answer 3

Measure by which the wing is attached to the fuselage. Fixed measurement

Question 4

What is relative wind?

Answer 4

Relative airflow with respect to the wing

Question 5

What is the angle of attack?

Answer 5

Angle of the wing chord line and direction of the relative wind.

Question 6

What is Bernoulli’s Principle?

Answer 6

High pressure seeks low pressure.

Airfoil is shaped so that air flow increases in velocity above the wing creating low pressure.

Question 7

What are several factors that with effect both lift and drag?

Answer 7

Wing area
Shape of an airfoil
Angle of attack
Velocity of air
Air density

Question 8

What is torque effect?

Answer 8

The engine and prop creating force in one direct creates a force moving in the opposite direction.

Question 9

What effect does torque direction have on the airplane on the ground and in flight?

Answer 9

Tendency to roll to the left

Question 10

What are the for factors that contribute to torque effect?

Answer 10

Engine power
Thrust from prop striking the tail
Asymmetrical p-factor
Gyroscopic procession

Question 11

What is centrifugal force?

Answer 11

Equal and opposite force of the airplane to the change in direction and acts equal and opposite to horizontal component of lift

Question 12

What is load factor?

Answer 12

Force of gravity

Question 13

For what two reasons is load factor important to pilots?

Answer 13

Stressing of the airframe, causing breaks.

Increase in stall speeds

Question 14

What situations can lead to an increase in load factor being reached or exceeded?

Answer 14

Level turns
Turbulence
Speed

Question 15

What are the different operational categories are the for aircraft and under which does your aircraft fall?

Answer 15

Normal
Utility
Aerobatic

Question 16

Define the term maneuvering speed.

Answer 16

Maximum speed at which abrupt control movement can be applied or which airplane can be flow through turbulence without exceeding load factor limits.

Question 17

Discuss the effect of maneuvering speed of an increase or decrease in weight.

Answer 17

Increase = slower maneuvering speed
Decrease = faster

Question 18

What causes an airplane to stall?

Answer 18

Exceeding critical angle of attack

Question 19

What is a spin?

Answer 19

Result of an uncoordinated stall

Question 20

What is the procedure to recover from an inadvertent spin? PARE

Answer 20

Power - idle
Ailerons - neutral
Rudder - full opposite
Elevator - briskly forward

Question 21

What causes adverse yaw?

Answer 21

Undesired veering in the opposite direction of a turn.

Question 22

What is ground effect?

Answer 22

Condition of improved performance when operating close to the ground. Experienced just before a flare should be implemented when landing

Question 23

What major problems can be caused by ground effect?

Answer 23

During landing: significant float distance if any excess airspeed.
During takeoff: aircraft may seem to be capable of takeoff below the recommended speed. Take extra note if high temperature, gross weight, or density altitude.

Question 24

Define empty weight.

Answer 24

The weight of the aircraft itself, including all fluids except for usable fuel and oil.

Question 25

Define gross weight.

Answer 25

Maximum allowable weight of both the airplane and it's contents

Question 26

Define useful load.

Answer 26

Weight of the pilot, copilot, passengers, baggage, usable fuel, and drain able oil.

Question 27

Define arm.

Answer 27

Horizontal distance in inches from the reference datum line to the center of gravity of the item

Question 28

Define moment.

Answer 28

Product of weight and arm of an item. Pounds/inches.

Question 29

Define center of gravity

Answer 29

Point where aircraft should balance if suspended from that point. Inches from datum.

Question 30

Define datum

Answer 30

Imaginary vertical plane from which all measurements of arm are taken. Established by manufacturer.

Question 31

What basic equation is used in all weight and balance problems? WAM

Answer 31

weight x arm = moment | Arm (CG) = (total) moment / (total) weight

Question 32

What performance characteristics will be adversely affected when an aircraft has been overloaded? Name at least 4.

Answer 32

``` Higher takeoff speed Longer takeoff run Reduced rate and angle of climb Lower maximum altitude Shorter range Reduced cruising speed Reduced maneuverability Higher stalling speed Higher landing speed Longer landing roll Excessive weight on nose wheel ```

Question 33

What effect does a forward center of gravity have on an aircraft's flight characteristics?

Answer 33

Higher stall speed Slower cruise speed More stable Greater back elevator required

Question 34

What effect does a rearward center of gravity have on an aircraft's flight characteristics?

Answer 34

Lower stall speed Higher cruise speed Less stable

Question 35

What are the standard weights assumed for the following when calculating weight and balance: Crew and passengers Gasoline Oil Water

Answer 35

People - 170 lbs Gasoline - 6 lbs/gal Oil - 7.5 lbs/gal Water - 8.35 lbs/gal

Question 36

What are some of the main elements for aircraft performance? At least four.

Answer 36

``` Takeoff and landing distance Rate of climb Ceiling Payload Range Speed Fuel economy ```

Question 37

What factors affect the performance of an aircraft durning takeoffs and landings?

Answer 37

``` Air density Surface wind Runway surface Slope of runway Weight ```

Question 38

What affect does wind have on takeoff?

Answer 38

Headwind - better performance caused by increased air flow over the wing Tailwind - decrease in performance in takeoff distance and angle of time.

Question 39

What affect does wind have on landings?

Answer 39

Headwinds - increased performance by steepening approach angle and reducing landing distance. Tailwinds - decreased performance by decreasing the approach angle and increasing landing distance.

Question 40

What affect does wind have on cruise flight?

Answer 40

Headwinds - decreased performance, reducing ground speed and increasing fuel requirements Tailwinds - increased performance, increasing ground speed and reducing fuel requirements.

Question 41

What affect does an increase in density altitude have on takeoff and landing performance?

Answer 41

Increased takeoff distance Reduced rate of climb Increased true airspeed on approach and landing Increased landing roll distance

Question 42

Define the term density altitude.

Answer 42

Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature.

Question 43

How does air density affect aircraft performance?

Answer 43

Lift produced by wings Power output by engine Propeller efficiency Drag forces

Question 44

What factors affect air density?

Answer 44

Altitude - higher = less dense Temperature - higher = less dense Humidity - higher = less dense

Question 45

What is Vs0?

Answer 45

Stall speed in landing configuration.

Question 46

What is Vs1?

Answer 46

Stall speed in clean configuration

Question 47

What is Vy

Answer 47

Best rate of climb speed

Question 48

What is Vx?

Answer 48

Best angle of climb speed

Question 49

What is Vle?

Answer 49

Maximum landing gear extension speed

Question 50

What is Vlo?

Answer 50

Maximum landing gear operating speed

Question 51

What is Vfe?

Answer 51

Maximum flap extension speed

Question 52

What is Va?

Answer 52

Maneuvering speed

Question 53

What is Vno?

Answer 53

Normal operating speed

Question 54

What is Vne?

Answer 54

Never exceed speed