perception midterm 3 Flashcards
cues
pieces of information available in the external world
oculomotor depth cues
cues that come from the muscles in and around our eyes that help us to perceive depth
accommodation
when the lens on the eye changes shape to focus the eye, it can tell us whether we are looking at something closer or farther away
- gets fatter for closer objects
convergence
muscles around the eye will tell you whether you are looking at soemthing nearby or far away based on if the eyes are mvoing inwards or outward
monolular depth cues
depth cues that we can see even with only one eye
types of monocular depth cues
- pictorial
occlusion
relative size
familair size
atmospheric perspective
movement cues (motion parallax, delection and accretion)
pictorial cues
cen depict depth even when just looking at a 2D image
occlusion
when one object gets in the way of another object you can tell that the one in front is closer to you than the one being covered which is further away
- tells us relative distance not actual distance
relative size
when there are multiple of the same objects with the same size that look like they are different sizes we know that that just means the larger one is closer to us and the smaller one is further away
familiar size
when we use our prior knowledge of an object to tell whether it is close or far away, like if a quarter and a dim look the same size we know that the dime is closer to use than the qaurter
atmospheric perceptive
distant objects are less clear to us because we are looking through more air whereas something closer is much sharper
motion parallax
nearby objects appear to be moving faster than further away objects
delection and accretion
when you are looking at somehting while moving and one object disappears or reappears in your vision you know that it is further away than what was abstructing your vision
binocular disparity
the difference bewteen the image on the left retina than the right
Wheatstone’s stereoscope
created a sense of depth by putting together 2 slightly diffrent photos of the same scene, like two cameras taking the same picture a few inches apart
stereopsis
an impression of depth
- your brain compares the images seen from your right and left eye and use the difference to infer depth
corresponding points
pair of points that would overlap if yo slid one retina on top of the other
object of interest
location of object of interest determines how eyes converge so image of objects fall on EACH fovea
horopter
imaginary cicle that passes trhough the “point of fixation”
physiology of depth percpetion
neurons called binocular depth cells or disparity -selective cells respond to specific degrees of disparity
- if theres not disparity then the two images on the retinas are not lining up
head crusher
failsto experience size constancy - only notices retina size - so assumes his fingers and dudes head are same distance away
retina image size
as a person walks away the size of their image gets smaller but your perception of thier distance gets larger
size constancy
when we correctly perceive objects physical size to remain constant despite varying distance and retina image size
size-distance scaling
taking objects distance into account wshen estimating its physical size
muller -layer illusion
two vertical lines same length but one looks longer thanthe other due the direction of the arrows attached
- ex of conflicting cues thoery
ponzo illusion
views two of the same animals on an image to be different sizes in different locations even though they are the same size
ames room illusion
equally sized people look different sizes because of rooms distored shape
apparant distance theory
- apparant distance thoery - horizon moon appears father away because its viewed across filled terrain w depth into whereas the elevated moon only has empty space between
loudness
perceptual experience
amplitude
physical aspect of external tone stimulus
pitch
how high or low the tone sound (perceptual experience)
pitch _____, loudness ______
frequency , amplitude
pitch _____, frequency ______
perceptuaul, physical
fourier analysis
can break down any complex tone into a set of simple sine-wave components
complex tones
periodic pressure cahnges repeat in a regular pattern
range of hearing
20 -20,000 Hz
timbre
when two tones w same loudness and pitch sound different
- ex. different instruments
parts of the inner ear
pinna
auditory canalm
parts of the middle ear
eardrum
- incus
-stapes
-maleus
parts of the inner ear
oval window
semicircular canal
auditory nerve
cochlea
round window
timing theory
when the stapes push against the oval window it moves back and forth causing the liquid to slosh aorund causing a traveling wave which then moves the hairs that when they are bent in one direction create an electrical signal
flaw to timing thoery
doesnt alway work because high frequencies fire faster and due to the refractory period it doesnt happen fast enough
place thoery
different frequencies activate receptors in different locations within the basilar membrane
- low frequency = apex
- high frequency = base
age related hearing loss
lose sensitivity to high freqeuncies first
- becuase the base of the ear is exposed to all sounds whereas the apex receives only low frequencies
biaural
involving both ears
monaural
involving one ear
nteraural difference
difference between input to the right vs left ear
three things we need to ear the direction of a sound
azimuth - horizontal
distance - away from you
elevation - vertical
interaural time difference (ITD)
the difference between when a soudn reaches the left vs right earh
y is interaural time difference (ITD) important
effective cue for localizing LOW frequency sounds
- helps you find azimuth - horizontal location
interaural level difference (ILD)
the difference in the osund intensity between the right vs left ear
why is interaural level difference (ILD) important
effective cue for localizing HIGH frequency sounds
spectral cue
we hear things differently based on whether they are coming form above of below us due to the reflection of sound on our pinna before entering the auditory canal - gives a senses of elevation
auditory WHAT pathways
anterior part of the core and belt - identifying sounds
auditory WHERE pathways
starts in posterior part of cortex and belt - used for locating
vowels
formants
consoneants
formant transitions
phonemes
shortest segments of speech sound which, if you change it, change the meaning of a word
voice onset time (VOT)
the amount of time it takes to say a word
all sounds with short VOTS
perceived as da
all souonds with longer VOTS
perceived as da
information provided by face
if the auditory of a sound is one thind and the visual shows another sound, a person will hear what the person is mouthing rather than the actual sound
transitional probabilities
chance that one sound will follow another sound
brocas area
- frontal lobe
damage hurts production of speech
wernicke’s area
- in temporal lobe
-damage hurts comprehension
