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Biomechanics (Midterm 1) Flashcards

1
Q

acceleration

A

the rate of change of velocity, ecpressed in metres per second per second (m/s/s or m/s2)

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2
Q

angular motion

A

a form of motion in which all parts of an object do not experience the same displacement

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3
Q

base of support (BOS)

A

the area of contract between an object and its surroundings where reaction forces can be generated

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4
Q

center of mass (COM)

A

the sum of the mass where it equals zero

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5
Q

centre of pressure

A

the point on a plane surface at which the resultant pressure on the surgace may be taken to act

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6
Q

displacement

A

a ventor quantity representing in magnitide and direction the idfference in position of two points, usually measured in metres

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7
Q

electromyography (EMG)

A

the measurement of electrical activity in muscle fibers

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8
Q

force

A

a mechanical interaction between an object and its surroundings. ususally measured in Newtons (N)

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9
Q

force platfrom

A

an instrument to measure the reaction forces in three dimensions and moments about those three aces

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10
Q

free body diagram (FBD) -

A

a graphic-analysos technique that defines a system and all of its surrounding forces

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11
Q

kinematics

A

the description of motion of a body in terms of displacement, velocity and acceleration, without reference to the forces causing the motion

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12
Q

kinetics

A

the description of motion of a body in terms of the forces causing the motion

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13
Q

linear motion

A

a form of motion in which all parts of an object move in one straight line

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14
Q

moment of force

A

th erotary effect of force; torque. usually measured in Newton/metres (Nm)

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15
Q

position

A

the location of an object relative to soem reference

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16
Q

postural control

A

the maintenance of balance

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17
Q

qualitative analysis

A

the description of the type or kind of movement

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18
Q

quantitative analysis

A

the description of the quantity of how much movement

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19
Q

scalar

A

a variable that is that is defined by magnitude only

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20
Q

segment

A

a predefined protion of a whole object

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21
Q

vector

A

a quantity that conveys both magnitude and direction

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22
Q

velocity

A

the rate of change in position with respect to time. velocity is usually measured in metres per second (m/s)

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23
Q

velosity calculation

A

change in position / change in time

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24
Q

acceleration

A

change in velocity / change in time

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25
isometric contraction
the muscle is contracting but there is no movement
26
concentric contraction
muscle is shortening
27
eccentric contraction
muscle is lengthening and contracting at the same time
28
peak-to-peak amplitude
the change between peak (highest value) and trough (lowest value, which can be negative)
29
frequency
is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit in time. usually meausred in hertz (Hz) and represented in cycles / second
30
analog-to-digital converters
device that converts alaog signals into digital signals
31
waveform
describes the shape of the graph or signal of any varying quantiy against time
32
conversion factor
change in weight / change in voltage (maybe 283.75)
33
isotonic contraction
any contraction of a muscle against a constant force - concentric eccentric
34
burst % if foot contact
duration of particular burst/ contact duration
35
% of MVC
burst magnitude / MVC x 100
36
law of acceleration calculation
F = m x a
37
law of acceleration
the law that force is the product of an objects mass and acceleration
38
law of action-reaction
law stating that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
39
moment of force
the product of a force and itsperpendicular distance to a point causing rotaiton about that point
40
ground reaction force (GRF)
reaction force provided by the horizontal support surface on an object subjected to gravitational forces
41
zeroing off
to the reference of gravity
42
zeroing-on
to the reference of bodyweight
43
normalization
divide force by body weight to make it so we can measure everyone on an equal playing field
44
difference between walking speeds
1. timing of everything is different 2. force magnitude is higher when walking faster 3. greater peak definition with walking faster
45
electrography
provides information about muscle activity
46
motor unit
a combination of efforent nerve and all muscle fibers it activates
47
monopolar
1 electrode and 1 neutral site
48
bipolar
2 electrodes and 1 neutral site - can measure APs crossing the electrodes
49
electrode types
- surface - fine wire - needle
50
amplifiers
used to increase EMG signals to permit recording
51
gain factor
the multiple by which the signal is amplified (500x, 1000x)
52
issues with incorrect signals
too high - cuts off the top and bottom of signal too low - system cant be recorded
53
influences on EMG signals
bloodflow, muscle length, muscle depth, noise ( motion, frequency)
54
reduce noise by...
reference to zero shaving/clean skin short cables
55
cross talk
activation of other muscle (use fine wire electrodes to prevent)
56
frequency
muscle activation - 10-350 Hz motion artifacts (noise) 2-5Hz
57
electrode placement
middle portion active muscle avoid tendon avoid motor point parallel to muscle fibers distance as small as possible
58
nyguist minimum limit
2 x highest frequency
59
EMG nyguist minimum limit
700Hz
60
typical min samping frequency
1000Hz
61
remove bias
centers signal around 0
62
remove bias equation
EMG signal - average quiet time
63
full wave rectification
shows fatigue and frequency content shows signals in the positive in order to show shape
64
linear envelope
applies a low-pass filter to reduce the noise oef the EMG as well as smooth out the data - this is where you can find the area under the slope
65
integrated EMG
represents the signals as as clear bursts of activity - this is where you add the slopes together to find the sum of muscle force
66
types of thresholds
- manual muscle test (isolating a muscle with resistance) - maximum voluntary contraction (hold muscle at optimal angle) - amplitude threshold - time threshold
67
criteria for muscle bursts
amplitude threshold timing threshold ( lasts longer than 10-100ms)
68
peak-to-peak amplitude
individual action potentials during reflec tests
69
normalization of EMG
Fm x dFm = Fwt x dFwt
70
clinical use of EMG
nerve conduction velocity/tests - latency
71
nerve conduction studies (NCS)
evalutate the function of the motor and sensory nerves - easy way to rule out nerve issues
72
normal values for conduction velocity in the arm
50-70m/s
73
noraml values for conduction velocity in the leg
40-60m/s
74
H-reflexes
tests for - peripheral neuropathy - Guilian -barce syndrom - upper motor neuron dysfunction
75
fatigue
fatigue is indicated by shift to lower frequencies plot frequency/magnitude
76
muscle force equation
EMG = force^3 + force ^2 + force - b
77
muscle function
produce movement maintian posture and position stabilize joints
78
muscle roles
prime vs assistent mover agonists and antagonists stabilizers and neutralizers
79
method to identify muscle function
1. identify phase of movement to analyze 2. identify specific segments that are being moved and the movement, posture and stabilizations involved 3. identify muscles used in the movement, posture and stabilization 4. determine each muscle role
80
moment calculation
M = force x distance
81
strain
a measurement of length
82
stress
= force/area
83
coplanar
multiple forces working in the same plane
84
colinear
in the same line of action/line of application
85
vector summation
when they are colinear and coplanar, they can be added together
86
rate of loading
impact peak - initial force / time it took
87
rate of unloading
from the active peak to toe off over time
88
axis and planes
y axis - sagital; medio-lateral axis x axis transverse vertical axis z axis - frontal plane anterior - posterior
89
lower limb angle
= 90 + tan -1 (ankle x - knee x / knee y - ankle y)
90
convertion factor
rise (change in weight)/ run (change in voltage) (converts to N)
91
burst duration percentage
burst duration / contact duration x 100
92
types of muscle movements
flexor extensor abductor adductor medial rotator lateral rotator

research methods (13 decks)

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