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research methods > Biomechanics (Midterm 1) > Flashcards

Biomechanics (Midterm 1) Flashcards

1
Q

acceleration

A

the rate of change of velocity, ecpressed in metres per second per second (m/s/s or m/s2)

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2
Q

angular motion

A

a form of motion in which all parts of an object do not experience the same displacement

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3
Q

base of support (BOS)

A

the area of contract between an object and its surroundings where reaction forces can be generated

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4
Q

center of mass (COM)

A

the sum of the mass where it equals zero

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5
Q

centre of pressure

A

the point on a plane surface at which the resultant pressure on the surgace may be taken to act

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6
Q

displacement

A

a ventor quantity representing in magnitide and direction the idfference in position of two points, usually measured in metres

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7
Q

electromyography (EMG)

A

the measurement of electrical activity in muscle fibers

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8
Q

force

A

a mechanical interaction between an object and its surroundings. ususally measured in Newtons (N)

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9
Q

force platfrom

A

an instrument to measure the reaction forces in three dimensions and moments about those three aces

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10
Q

free body diagram (FBD) -

A

a graphic-analysos technique that defines a system and all of its surrounding forces

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11
Q

kinematics

A

the description of motion of a body in terms of displacement, velocity and acceleration, without reference to the forces causing the motion

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12
Q

kinetics

A

the description of motion of a body in terms of the forces causing the motion

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13
Q

linear motion

A

a form of motion in which all parts of an object move in one straight line

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14
Q

moment of force

A

th erotary effect of force; torque. usually measured in Newton/metres (Nm)

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15
Q

position

A

the location of an object relative to soem reference

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16
Q

postural control

A

the maintenance of balance

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17
Q

qualitative analysis

A

the description of the type or kind of movement

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18
Q

quantitative analysis

A

the description of the quantity of how much movement

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19
Q

scalar

A

a variable that is that is defined by magnitude only

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20
Q

segment

A

a predefined protion of a whole object

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21
Q

vector

A

a quantity that conveys both magnitude and direction

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22
Q

velocity

A

the rate of change in position with respect to time. velocity is usually measured in metres per second (m/s)

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23
Q

velosity calculation

A

change in position / change in time

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24
Q

acceleration

A

change in velocity / change in time

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25
Q

isometric contraction

A

the muscle is contracting but there is no movement

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26
Q

concentric contraction

A

muscle is shortening

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27
Q

eccentric contraction

A

muscle is lengthening and contracting at the same time

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28
Q

peak-to-peak amplitude

A

the change between peak (highest value) and trough (lowest value, which can be negative)

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29
Q

frequency

A

is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit in time. usually meausred in hertz (Hz) and represented in cycles / second

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30
Q

analog-to-digital converters

A

device that converts alaog signals into digital signals

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31
Q

waveform

A

describes the shape of the graph or signal of any varying quantiy against time

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32
Q

conversion factor

A

change in weight / change in voltage
(maybe 283.75)

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33
Q

isotonic contraction

A

any contraction of a muscle against a constant force
- concentric
eccentric

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34
Q

burst % if foot contact

A

duration of particular burst/ contact duration

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35
Q

% of MVC

A

burst magnitude / MVC x 100

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36
Q

law of acceleration calculation

A

F = m x a

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37
Q

law of acceleration

A

the law that force is the product of an objects mass and acceleration

38
Q

law of action-reaction

A

law stating that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

39
Q

moment of force

A

the product of a force and itsperpendicular distance to a point causing rotaiton about that point

40
Q

ground reaction force (GRF)

A

reaction force provided by the horizontal support surface on an object subjected to gravitational forces

41
Q

zeroing off

A

to the reference of gravity

42
Q

zeroing-on

A

to the reference of bodyweight

43
Q

normalization

A

divide force by body weight to make it so we can measure everyone on an equal playing field

44
Q

difference between walking speeds

A
  1. timing of everything is different
  2. force magnitude is higher when walking faster
  3. greater peak definition with walking faster
45
Q

electrography

A

provides information about muscle activity

46
Q

motor unit

A

a combination of efforent nerve and all muscle fibers it activates

47
Q

monopolar

A

1 electrode and 1 neutral site

48
Q

bipolar

A

2 electrodes and 1 neutral site
- can measure APs crossing the electrodes

49
Q

electrode types

A
  • surface
  • fine wire
  • needle
50
Q

amplifiers

A

used to increase EMG signals to permit recording

51
Q

gain factor

A

the multiple by which the signal is amplified (500x, 1000x)

52
Q

issues with incorrect signals

A

too high - cuts off the top and bottom of signal
too low - system cant be recorded

53
Q

influences on EMG signals

A

bloodflow, muscle length, muscle depth, noise ( motion, frequency)

54
Q

reduce noise by…

A

reference to zero
shaving/clean skin
short cables

55
Q

cross talk

A

activation of other muscle (use fine wire electrodes to prevent)

56
Q

frequency

A

muscle activation - 10-350 Hz
motion artifacts (noise) 2-5Hz

57
Q

electrode placement

A

middle portion
active muscle
avoid tendon
avoid motor point
parallel to muscle fibers
distance as small as possible

58
Q

nyguist minimum limit

A

2 x highest frequency

59
Q

EMG nyguist minimum limit

A

700Hz

60
Q

typical min samping frequency

A

1000Hz

61
Q

remove bias

A

centers signal around 0

62
Q

remove bias equation

A

EMG signal - average quiet time

63
Q

full wave rectification

A

shows fatigue and frequency content
shows signals in the positive in order to show shape

64
Q

linear envelope

A

applies a low-pass filter to reduce the noise oef the EMG as well as smooth out the data
- this is where you can find the area under the slope

65
Q

integrated EMG

A

represents the signals as as clear bursts of activity
- this is where you add the slopes together to find the sum of muscle force

66
Q

types of thresholds

A
  • manual muscle test (isolating a muscle with resistance)
  • maximum voluntary contraction (hold muscle at optimal angle)
  • amplitude threshold
  • time threshold
67
Q

criteria for muscle bursts

A

amplitude threshold
timing threshold ( lasts longer than 10-100ms)

68
Q

peak-to-peak amplitude

A

individual action potentials during reflec tests

69
Q

normalization of EMG

A

Fm x dFm = Fwt x dFwt

70
Q

clinical use of EMG

A

nerve conduction velocity/tests
- latency

71
Q

nerve conduction studies (NCS)

A

evalutate the function of the motor and sensory nerves
- easy way to rule out nerve issues

72
Q

normal values for conduction velocity in the arm

A

50-70m/s

73
Q

noraml values for conduction velocity in the leg

A

40-60m/s

74
Q

H-reflexes

A

tests for
- peripheral neuropathy
- Guilian -barce syndrom
- upper motor neuron dysfunction

75
Q

fatigue

A

fatigue is indicated by shift to lower frequencies
plot frequency/magnitude

76
Q

muscle force equation

A

EMG = force^3 + force ^2 + force - b

77
Q

muscle function

A

produce movement
maintian posture and position
stabilize joints

78
Q

muscle roles

A

prime vs assistent mover
agonists and antagonists
stabilizers and neutralizers

79
Q

method to identify muscle function

A
  1. identify phase of movement to analyze
  2. identify specific segments that are being moved and the movement, posture and stabilizations involved
  3. identify muscles used in the movement, posture and stabilization
  4. determine each muscle role
80
Q

moment calculation

A

M = force x distance

81
Q

strain

A

a measurement of length

82
Q

stress

A

= force/area

83
Q

coplanar

A

multiple forces working in the same plane

84
Q

colinear

A

in the same line of action/line of application

85
Q

vector summation

A

when they are colinear and coplanar, they can be added together

86
Q

rate of loading

A

impact peak - initial force / time it took

87
Q

rate of unloading

A

from the active peak to toe off over time

88
Q

axis and planes

A

y axis - sagital; medio-lateral axis
x axis transverse vertical axis
z axis - frontal plane anterior - posterior

89
Q

lower limb angle

A

= 90 + tan -1 (ankle x - knee x / knee y - ankle y)

90
Q

convertion factor

A

rise (change in weight)/ run (change in voltage)
(converts to N)

91
Q

burst duration percentage

A

burst duration / contact duration x 100

92
Q

types of muscle movements

A

flexor
extensor
abductor
adductor
medial rotator
lateral rotator

research methods (13 decks)

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