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exercise physiology midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of molecules

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2
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis (bringing together) of molecules

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3
Q

bioenergetics

A

converts food into useable energy

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4
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

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5
Q

main unit of energy

A

ATP `

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6
Q

ATP storage

A

normal storage (80-100g)
- this ends up equalling 160-200 units of ATP (not very much as all)

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7
Q

regular ATP consumtion

A

25kg

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8
Q

enzymes

A

specific protein molecules that catalyze reactions
- speeds up reactions by cuasing lower energy of activation

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9
Q

enzymes under complex control

A
  1. competitive inhibition
  2. non-competitive inhibition
  3. feedback inhibition
  4. enzyme affinity
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10
Q

competitive inhibition

A

some molecules “compete” for binding sites

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11
Q

non-competitive inhibition

A

molecules can bind to another part of an enzyme resulting in an inhibition at the site for another molecule

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12
Q

feedback inhibition

A

end products of reactions can inhibit or controls the action of the enzyme that helped produce it
- end product formed in reaction actually gets enzymes to slow down or stop making new products altogether

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13
Q

enzyme affinity

A

how likely the enzyme is to catalyze the reaction

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14
Q

kinase

A

transfers phosphate group (phosphorylation)

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15
Q

phosphorylase

A

addition of a Pi molecule

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16
Q

phosphatase

A

remove phosphate group

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17
Q

dehydrigenase

A

remove H+ atoms

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18
Q

oxidase

A

catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions involving O2

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19
Q

catalyze

A

cause or accelerate a reaction

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20
Q

isomerase

A

rearrangement of the stucture of a molecule

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21
Q

main nutrients in exercise metabolism

A

carbohydrates
- glucose
- glycogen
-muscle and liver
lipids
- FAs
- TGs (triglycerides
proteins
- ammino acids

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22
Q

factors affecting energy production

A
  • total energy demand
  • rate of demand
    - coupled glycolysis
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23
Q

glycolysis

A

breakdown of glucose to pyruvate

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23
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

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24
gluconeogenesis
formation of glucose from a non-CHO source - i.e. protein and fat
24
two phases of glycoslysis
1. energy investment phase 2. energy generation phase
25
NAD
nicotinamide adenin dinucleotide
26
FAD
flavin adenine dinucleotide
27
oxidation reaction
loss of electronsres
28
reduction reaction
gain of electrons
29
glycogen ---> glucose 1-phosphate
glycogen phosphorylase (GP)
30
glucose ---> glucose 6-phosphate
hexokinase (HK) (- 1 ATP)
31
fructose 6-phsophate -----> fructose 1,6-biphasphate
phosphofructokinase (PFK) (- 1 ATP)
32
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate ---> 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) (produces NADH)
33
1,3-diphosphoglycerate ----> 3 phosphoglycerate
phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) (+ 1 ATP )
34
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) ---> pyruvate
pyruvate kinase (PK) ( +1 ATP)
35
sources of CHO during exercise
- muscle glycogen (primary source for higher intensity) - blood glucose (primary source during low-intensity)
36
products of krebs cycle
3 NADH 1 FADH 1 ATP
37
enzymes involved in forming an NADH + H+
- isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) - alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (αKDH) - malate dehydrogenase (MDH)
38
enzymes involved in fomring a FADH2
succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)
39
enzyme involved in direct ATP production
succinyl-CoAsynthetase
40
citrate synthase
forms citrate form oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA
41
overall production of ATP using krebs
20
42
steriod hormone
- fat derived help to solubolize the hormone
43
blood hormone concentration determined by:
rate of secretion rate of metabolism quantity of transport protein changes in plasma volume
44
downregulation
decrease receptor number in response to high hormone
45
upregulation
increase in receptor number in response to low hormone
46
sources of TG
- adipocytes (adipose tissue cells) - intramuscular TG - blood lipoproteins
47
stages of lipid catablism (fat metabolism)
1. mobilization 2. transport 3. uptake 4. activation 5. beta-oxidation 6. mitochondrial oxidation
48
HSL (mobilization)
hormone sensitive lipase (adipose, muscle)
49
LPL (mobilization)
lipoprotein lipase (vascular wall)
50
EPOC (stands for)
excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
51
lipolysis
process of breaking down TG into glycerol and 3 FFA using lipase
52
trained vs untrained
TR subjects have lower O2 deficit
53
EPOC purpose
how much O2 is needed to restore body to resting metabolic state
54
factors effecting EPOC
resynthesis of PRc lactate conversion to glucose restoration of muscle blood oxygen elevated temp increased HR and breathing increased hormones
55
interval exercise
= rapid recovery
56
lactate as a fuel source (2)
converts lactate to acetyl CoA for the Krebs cycle or converted to glucose in the liver (Cori cycle)
57
cori cycle
lactate ---> glucose through glyconeogenesis
58
lactate threshold / aerobic threshold
point where lactate begins to accumulate
59
OBLA (stands for)
onset of blood lactate threshold
60
RER
respiratory exchange Ratio
61
what is RER
ratio of CO2 produced in comparison with O2 consumed VCO2/VO2
62
RER assumptions
no protein contribution steady state conditions
63
blood hormone concentration depends on
1. ratee of secretion 2. rate of metabolism 3. quantity of transport proteins 4. change in plasma volume - exercise decreases plasma volume and increases hormones
64
magentiude of hormone receptor interation depends on
hormone number of receptors on the cell affinity if the receptordown
65
regulation
decrease recptor number in response to high hormone
66
upregulation
increase recptor number in response to low hormone
67
steriod hormone action
- enter cell - binds to receptor protein - binds to hormone response element on DNA, regulates gene transcription -protein synthesis - change in protein synthesis is cellular response
67
insulin receptor action
1. binds to alpha-subunit 2. beta-subunit phosphorylates others, allowsing the unsulin response protien to be activated 3. phosphorylated insulin repsonse protien activates glycogen synthase 4. glycogen synthase 5. converts glucose to glycogen
68
estrogen
female sex hormone - increased reliance on fat as a fuel source
69
progesterone
important for reproduction
70
testosterone
leads to high muscle -mass to fat-mass ratio released during exercise, may be involved ni stimulating protien synthetic reposnse with training
71
growth hormones
effect all tissues secretion controlled by hypothalamus
72
leptin
controls appetite - increases insulin senstivity and FA oxidation
73
adiponectin
increase insulin sensitivity and FA oxidation
74
increased fat mass
- increased leptin, decrease adeponextin - causes inflamation
75
insulin
released form beta cells in pancrease increases nutrient uptake decreases lipolysis
76
glucagon
released from alpha cells in pancrease opposite effect of insulin: - increase nutrient release - increase liver glycogenolysis and FA release
77
epinephrine
adrenal medulla - increases muscle glycogenolysis - increases lipolysis (muscle adipose)
78
norepinephrine
SNS fibres and adrenal medulla - increase lipolysis increase cardiorespiratory function
79
roles of cortisol
slow acting decrease low-intensity increase high intensity supported by growth hormones
80
epinephrinea nd norepinephrine
fast acting maintians blood glucose increase during exercise

research methods (13 decks)

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