exercise physiology midterm 2 Flashcards
satellite cells
- undifferentiated cells that increase the number of nuclei in muscles which promotes growth and strengthening
- training activated
synaptic cleft
the gap between the motor neuron and the muscle cell that the AP crosses
ACh
acetylcholine
- neurotransmitter released to be diffused across synaptic cleft
neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
- when the nerve impulse reaches the endo f the motor nerve it comes to the synaptic cleft
- ACh in released and diffused across the cleft to bind to the recptor site on the mtor and plate
- opens sodium channels on the sarcolemma allowing sodium to diffuse into the muscle fiber
-results in depolarization called the end-plate potential (EPP)
-this is the signal to begin the contractile process
sliding filament thoery
- ATP binds to myosin head
- ATP causes cross bridges to “cock”
- cross bridges attach to myosin head
- bind to actin
- power stoke and slide
force regulations
- type and number of motor units recruited
- initial muscle length (length-tension relationship)
- nature of the neural stimulation (simple twitch, summation, tetanus)
- contractile history
size principle name
Henneman’s principle
Henneman’s size principle
MUs recruit from smallest to largest based on the force required
- first recruited is last to de-recruit
tetanus
sustained muscle contraction
what happens if previous activity is non-fatiguing
force production enhanced
- more sensitive to Ca
- phosphoralation of myosin light chain
skeletal muscle fibre types
- slow oxidative (type I)
- fast oxidative glycolytic (type IIa)
- fast glycolytic (type IIx)
influences of force type distribution
- genetics
-training - hormone concentration
biochemical properties of muscle fibres
- oxidative capacity (# of cappilaries, mitochondria, amount of myoglobin)
- speed of ATP degragation
- absence of contractile proteins
contractile properties of muscle fibres
- maximal force produced
- speed of contraction
- maximum power output
- muscle fibre efficiency
immunohistochemical staining
straining of a muscle biopsy in order to see the amount of fast vs slow twitch fibres in the muscle
immunohistochemical staining colours
- blue = type I fibres
- green = IIa fibres
- Black IIx fibres
- red = dystrophin (protein in sarcolemma)
causes of fatigue
- CV system (O2)
- energy supply system (inadequate ATP)
- neuromuscular system
- thermoregulation
- biochemical (stresses in other systems)
- psychology
-central governor model (prevent catastrophic failure by homeostasis)
central causes of fatigue
- motor cortex (pain)
- spinal cord (impaired recruitment of MN and firing frequency)
peripheral causes of fatigue
- NMJ (impaired neuromuscular transmission)
- impaired conduction of action potentials
- Ca2+ (impaired release
- imparied cross bridge cycling (myosin and actin
- low force/power output
two hypothesis of peripheral fatigue
- accumulation hypothesis (lactic acid, H+, Ca, Pi, etc)
- depletion hypothesis (ACh, glycogen, BG, O2, etc)
accumulation of too much potassium (K)
- can block nerve transmission to T-tubules
purpose of cardiovascular system
- transport O2
- removal of CO2
- regulation of temp
two major adjustments of the CV system during exercise
- increased cardiac output
- redistribution
cardiac output equation
Q = HR x SV