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AP Psych > Perception and Sensation > Flashcards

Perception and Sensation Flashcards

1
Q

stimulus

A

outside factor affects senses

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2
Q

receptor cells

A

specified neurons receives message and send to brain

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3
Q

detection

A

awareness of a stimuli

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4
Q

discrimination

A

telling 2 stimuli apart

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5
Q

noise

A 
not just what you hear 
background stimuli 
ex. heat 
disco 
taste in mouth 
lights 
peripheral vision 
microphone
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6
Q

Psychophysics

A 
human factors 
study physical energy and psych experience 
why did you respond to that 
how colors affect mood 
ideal brightness for dashboard lights
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7
Q

Gustav Fechner

A 
psychophysics 
experimental 
thought sensation couldn't be measured, only compared 
linked physical to subjective 
measured maxes and mins
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8
Q

absolute threshold

A

how faint a stimuli can be and still be detected 50% of the time
when can a candle be seen in the distance

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9
Q

difference threshold

A

just noticeable difference
min difference needed to tell 2 stimuli apart
when can the difference in brightness be detected in a candle in the distance
when is something louder
tone demo

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10
Q

Weber’s law

A 
blindfold shoe quarter demo 
proportional percent difference to sense it 
weight 2% jnd 
touch 4% jnd 
saltiness 20% jnd
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11
Q

signal detection theory

A

box with whether a stimuli was present/ whether it was setected

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12
Q

hit

A

a stimuli was present and detected
part of signal detection theory
hear baby cry and go to it

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13
Q

miss

A

signal present but not detected
part of signal detection theory
don’t hear baby cry

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14
Q

false alarm

A

signal absent but person says they detect the stimulus
part of signal detection theory
think you hear baby cry but nothing there

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15
Q

correct rejection

A

signal absent and person says that they do not detect it
part of signal detection theory
knowing that the person who thought the baby was crying when it wasn’t was wrong because you didn’t hear it

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16
Q

Detecting a stimulus

A

all senses do this

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17
Q

distal stimulus

A

the actual object event sound or smell
ec. bush in courtyard
all sense have this

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18
Q

transduction

A

changing stimulus into a electrochemical message
all sense do this
receptor cells transduce the image

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19
Q

proximal stimulus

A

the stimulus as an electrochemical message

the bush on retina (would be upside down)

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20
Q

intensity

A

amount of stimulus
measured in neurons
part of all senses

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21
Q

quantitative info

A

rate of neural firing

part of all sense

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22
Q

qualititative info

A 
which neurons are firing? 
different receptors firing different combinations
part of all senses  
eye red cones and green cones 
sweet and sour receptors
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23
Q

sensory adaptation

A

decline in receptor activity when stimulus is unchanging

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24
Q

habituation

A

decline in receptor activity when stimulus is unchanging
getting used to it
ex. swimming a cold pool
takes place in brain

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25
Q

sensory restriction

A

limit stimuli
healthy when you choose it
unhealthy when you don’t choose it (torture) (sensory deprivation)

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26
Q

Divided Attention

A

focusing on two things
ex. reading and watching tv
phone and studying

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27
Q

Selective Attention

A

Choosing which stimuli to pay attention to

ex. watching tv parent calls

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28
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

when attention shifts automatically from one person to someone else
convo with someone, hear name or something that grans attention

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29
Q

Change Blindness

A

Video with consent experiment and t shirts
miss large changes in visual world
someone else’s problem

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30
Q

Dichotic Presentation

A

attention test
two stimuli people asked to attend to one or both
moonwalking bear

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31
Q

dichotic listening

A

two stories

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32
Q

dichotic viewing

A

moonwalking bear

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33
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

idea- a stimulus can affect a person’s behavior even if not consciously processed
ex. Movie previews “eat popcorn” flashed
does not necessarily change behavior
no difference with popcorn
studies indicate not true

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34
Q

priming

A 
different than subliminal messaging-- priming is for a word, not a behavior 
short term effect for priming 
pick it up and apply it 
flash "pencil" 
associated word with pencil
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35
Q

receptors in the eye

A

photoreceptors

RODS AND CONES

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36
Q

message transmission in eye

A

stimulus (light) hits photoreceptors—> transduce light waves into electrochemical messages so nervous system can process it (rods and cones —> bipolar cells —> ganglion cells)
the axons of these ganglion cells make up the optic nerve, which joins each eye at brain base
optic nerve —-> thalamus —-> occipital lobe —> visual cortex —-> specialized cells which fire for particular features (motion and feature detector cells )

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37
Q

motion detector cells

A

detected motion

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38
Q

feature detector cells

A

help you read
features put together in brain
look at aspects of letters and stuff

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39
Q

stimulus in vision

A 
light 
#prism #Newton
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40
Q

True or false: most objects emit light

A

false, most reflect it

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41
Q

Brightness

A

= intensity [depends on how it hits the retina and the environment]
one of the very important properties of light

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42
Q

Color

A

very important property of light

determined by hue and saturation

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43
Q

hue

A

like shades
roughly 150 total hues
our perception of color doesn’t always match spectrum

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44
Q

saturation

A

measure of hue’s vividness
(purity)
“true” color [not too much white or black]

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45
Q

primary colors of pigment

A

art class
pigment absorbs light
also called primary subtractive colors
red + blue + yellow= black

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46
Q

primary colors of light

A

theater
stage lighting
additive primary colors physics
red + yellow + blue = white

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47
Q

Color Vision

A

over 150 million colors

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48
Q

Trichromatic Theory (Young-Helmholtz theory)

A

3 types of color receptors (cones)
red, green , and blue
red- red and yellow (long waves)
green- green, less yellow (medium waves)
blue- blue (short waves)
combine in different ways
sensitive to WHOLE spectrum, but in particular to part
fire more frequently certain colors
overlap and combine
test- colorblindness test (defective cones)

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49
Q

Opponent-process theory

A 
more in ganglion cells 
after receptors receive message (ganglion cells) 
2 sets of opponent colors 
blue/yellow and red/green 
responsible for hues 
cells get excited/inhibited. When one gets excited (like blue) another (yellow) gets inhibited 
test/evidence: 
afterimage test
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50
Q

light adaptation

A

squint
pupils constrict
iris contracting over pupil

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51
Q

dark adaptation

A

adjust to dark light
30 min
iris expands to let more light into pupil

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52
Q

Nearsightedness

A

myopia
eyeball too long
incoming light waves focus in front of retina, which blurs far away objects

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53
Q

Farsightedness

A

hyperopia

eyeball too short waves focus behind retina, blurring nearby objects

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54
Q

cataracts

A

lenses become cloudy are removed or lzaers

often with diabetes old age as well

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55
Q

Glaucoma

A 
excess fluid (blood) behind eye and receptors can't fire 
pot helps it (marijuana is a vasoconstrictor)
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56
Q

Blindness

A

damage to eye (most common)
damage to nerves (addicent)
damage to visual cortex

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57
Q

stimulus in hearing

A

vibration in ear

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58
Q

Loudness

A

determined by amplitude or strength of sound wave

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59
Q

Pitch

A

frequency determines pitch
frequency determined by wave length
greater wave length, lower pitch

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60
Q

decibels

A

measuring unit for sound

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61
Q

middle ear

A

energy [0 is abs threshold] amplifies every 10 is a tenfold increase
has ossicles

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62
Q

basilar membrane

A

floor of pond
lined with hair cells
ripples make hair cells bend
inner ear

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63
Q

cochlea

A

snail shaped tube in inner ear that has a membrane (oval window) which vibrates fluid to fill cochlea
where sound gets tranduced by hair cells

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64
Q

Outer ear

A

channels sound waves through auditory canal to eardrum

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65
Q

eardrum

A

membrane that vibrates with waves

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66
Q

middle ear

A

transmits eardrum’s vibration through a piston made up of 3 bones, hammer, anvil and stirrup

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67
Q

ossicles

A

3 bones in middle ear that amplify sound (hammer anvil stirrup)

68
Q

Hair cells

A

trigger impulses in nerve fibers, sending message

weeds on a pond

69
Q

sclera

A

white of an eye

70
Q

Hearing Message Transmission

A

sound wave —> outer ear —> ear drum —> middle ear [hammer, anvil, stirrup] —> cochlea [oval window vibrates fluid when it receives vibrations]—> basilar membrane ripples—-> hair cells bend —> nerve fiber impulse triggered —> auditory cortex

71
Q

Place theory

A

hear different pitches because activity is triggered at different places
brain recognizes where on basilar membrane receives neural signals
only really works for high pitched sounds

72
Q

Frequency Theory

A

neural impulses triggered at same rate as sound wave
pitch determined by frequency of neural impulses
BUT HOW DO WE HEAR PITCH ABOVE 1000 waves/second?
volley principle

73
Q

volley principle

A

neural cells alternate firing so the combined is above 1000 waves/second
fire in a series

74
Q

Locate sounds

A

having two ears helps
when a sound is on one side, that ear hears it sooner
minute but important

75
Q

Conduction deafness

A

problems with mechanical system
(ex. punctured)
hearing aid can restore

76
Q

nerve deafness

A

perceptive deafness
sensoineural
damage to hair cell receptors or associated nerves
caused by disease [less common], age [more common] exposure to loud musiv
once cell is dead, it is dead
cochlear implant — sound —> electric
rough approximation
not everyone supports these (national association of Deaf)

77
Q

Vestibular Sense

A 
balance 
semicircular canals and vestibular sacks with fluid in them 
Move > neurons fire 
eyes help with balance 
position and motion in a straight line
78
Q

Motion Sickness

A

impairment of vestibular sense
conflict between eyes and inner ear
brain “I think I am being poisoned” —> throw up
#borgia

79
Q

Vertigo

A

impairment of vestibular sense

severe chronic dizziness

80
Q

Kinesthetic Sense

A

tells us where our bodies are in space
receptors—> skin, muscles, joints
receptors —-> detect positions —-> cerebellum —-> thalamus —-> somatosensory cortex

81
Q

Stimulus of olfactory sense

A

chemical odors in air

82
Q

Anatomy and Transmission of Olfactory Sense

A

Stimulus—> olfactory epithelium[just below frontal lobe transmits along olfactory nerve to amygdala and cortex] —-> receptors [in OE]
epithelium holds receptor cells
only goes to amygdala if emotion attached
prefrontal cortex if pleasant or aversion
olfactory bulb sits below prefrontal cortex

83
Q

Pheromones

A

chemical message transmitted between members of same species

84
Q

path of transmission in Olfactory sense

A

smell —> olfactory receptors in olfactory epithelium —> olfactory bulb —> olfactory nerve —-> prefrontal cortex —> amygdala

85
Q

Anosmia

A

loss of sense of smell

86
Q

Stimulus of Gustatory sense

A

chemicals in mouth

87
Q

Anatomy and message transmission in Gustatory sense

A

taste receptors, located in taste buds
taste buds - roughly 10000 in mouth, throat, and tongue
taste receptors—> thalamus —> somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe

88
Q

What kinds of taste receptors are there?

A 
salty 
sweet 
sour 
bitter 
umami (savory/yummy)
89
Q

Which sense is the least sensitive?

A

Gustatory sense?

90
Q

Which sense is the only one to not send messages to the thalamus?

A

Olfactory

91
Q

Olfaction

A

sense of smell

92
Q

Supertasters

A 
thin and dislike vegetables 
more women 
more likely to be chefs 
more receptors 
supersensitivity to taste
93
Q

Haptic Sense

A

(skin)
= touch = skin
3 types– pressure, temperature, and pain
skin receptors for diff touch
pressure- diff firing threshold for different parts of body
receptors- blunt and sharp pressure

94
Q

Sensing temperature

A

Haptic sense
receptors for warmth and cold
intense can activate both people then feel wetness

95
Q

Pressure sensation

A

Haptic Sense
nerve fibers at base of hair follicle respond to hair movement
4 types in skin

96
Q

Message transmission in Haptic Sense

A

Skin receptors—> effectors via reflex arc
skin receptors—> thalamus—> limbic
skin receptors—-> thalamus —> somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe

97
Q

Gate Control Theory of Pain

A

spinal cord has gates that allow pain messages to pass through
gates are opened by substance P- lack of exercise, anxiety, disuse, thoughts
Gates closed by endorphins, sympathetic ns, relaxation, meditation, thoughts, behavior therapy, and surgery
go into pain
notice contours
relax

98
Q

pain nerve fibers

A

two types

fast fibers and slow fibers

99
Q

fast fibers

A

sharp and immediate pain

100
Q

slow nerve fibers

A

dull and steady pain

chronic pain

101
Q

Perception

A

organize, interpret, understanD

102
Q

Organismic variables or Top Down Processing

A

processing that uses our experiences and expectations to interpret sensations

103
Q

Perceptual set/Preceptual expectancy

A

ex. costume ball vs. seal act
ex. MAC DONALD
MAC HENRY
MAC MAHON
MAC HINERY
ex.
CHO
PHO
USE
ex. Folk
Croak
Soak

104
Q

schemas

A

general idea about an object, event, or experience

gender schemas- kids and hair

105
Q

Frame of Reference

A

Personal experience form
short to tall
Freshman to senior

106
Q

Depth Perception

A

Visual Cliff

Video with googles—> inversion goggles

107
Q

Monocular cues

A 
Relative Size 
Interposition 
Relative Clarity 
Texture Gradient 
Relative Height 
Relative Motion 
Linear Perspective 
Relative Brightness
108
Q

Context

A

we interpret stimuli by viewing the surroundings
T
C A/H T
E

   A  12 B/13 14
  C
109
Q

Bottom Up Processing

A

data one related in the brain from lower to higher levels of processing

110
Q

pattern recognition

A

dog/bear an example of bottom up processing

not the same as context

111
Q

Template Matching/Prototype Matching

A 
have models to recognize 
allows us to see things in different forms 
ex. fingerprints 
snowflakes 
"A" in different fonts 
four wheels + motor = car 
photos of non-letter letters 
textbook
112
Q

Feature Matching

A

part of bottom-up processing
brail research —-> discovered
feature detector cells + motion detectors
memory stores features and later matches to memory

113
Q

Attention

A

auto and controlled processing

how much energy do you need to understand it [stimuli]

114
Q

Controlled processing (attentive processing)

A 
noticing a stimuli after making conscious effort 
learning to read 
sound w. image 
learning to drive a car 
write an essay
115
Q

Automatic Processing (pre-attentive)

A

notice stimuli without consciously processing it
driving today (not for Olivia and Melissa)
reading today
playing an instrument

116
Q

Face Perception

A

type of bottom-up processing
humans discern info, moods, attention, sex, race etc
deficit when you can’t do it

117
Q

Prosopagnosia

A 
very rare
= inability to recognize faces 
face blindness 
right hemisphere 
includes friends, family, spouse
stroke/head injury can sometimes lead to this
118
Q

Monocular Depth Perception

A 
aka Pictorial Depth Cues 
just need 1 eye 
7
Interposition/occlusion 
relative size
familiar size
detail/aerial perspective
linear perspective
texture gradient 
position relative to horizon
119
Q

Interposition/Occlusion

A 
overlap 
near object occludes farther one 
one object covers all or some 
barn covers house ---> barn is closer 
monocular depth perception
120
Q

relative size

A

far off project smaller retinal image than closer if they are same size
tiny humans/ bigger humans
monocular depth cue

121
Q

familiar size

A

we know how large familiar objects are, so we can judge distance based on retinal image size
markers
tiny humans
monocular depth cue

122
Q

Detail/aerial Perspective

A

Further away, more blurry
mountains, closer more visible, farther blurrier
monocular depth cue

123
Q

Linear Perspective

A

seemingly parallel lines appear to converge in distance
monocular depth cue
#thatsketchbookassignment

124
Q

Texture gradient

A

as a uniformly textured surface recedes, its texture continuously becomes denser
blades of grass clear when close, blurrier when far
fibers in a coat
monocular depth cue

125
Q

position relative to horizon

A 
monocular depth cue 
remember when this caused like a revolt in our class and I think Dom had to form like a team to draw 3043424090 diagrams on the board and at least 7 different people tried to explain it?

all else being equal, objects below the horizon that appear high in visual field perceived as farther, objects above horizon low in visual field perceived as being closer
compare below to below and above to above
moon illusion

126
Q

moon illusion

A

closer to horizon looks bigger

127
Q

Binocular Cues

A

Binocular/Retinal Disparity

convergence

128
Q

Binocular/Retinal Disparity

A 
each eye has a particular view 
distance between object and retinal image is different for each eye 
pencil 
sausage fingers 
binocular depth cue
129
Q

Convergence

A

as object moves closer, muscles moves eyes toward each other
judge distance based on degree of cross-eyedness
Binocular depth cue

130
Q

Motion parallax

A

the relative movement of objects that are at various distances from observer
watching scenery from moving car near objects pass quickly and far objects more slowly (like telephones poles fly by super quickly when near you)
helps brain calculate which objects are closer and which are further away

131
Q

Motion Cues for depth perception

A

motion parallax
perceptual constancy
Size perception depends on distance perceptions

132
Q

Perceptual Constancies

A

motion cue for depth perception
the brain perceives objects as constant, despite sensory info that could lead it to think otherwise
door still a rectangle even when it moves (shape constancy)
hand same size even if in face (size constancy)

133
Q

Size perception depends on distance perceptions

A

farther away the object, then the smaller it is on retina

134
Q

Optical illusions

A

fooled by depth cues
Ames Box
Ponzo Illusion

135
Q

Ames Box

A

Zimbardo

alter angles in room

136
Q

Ponzo illusion

A

same size boxes, but using lines to judge distance. Box takes up more lines
receding parallel lines, same size, but one appears bigger because it sits on receding parallel lines
monsters chasing one another
RECEDING PARALLEL LINES

137
Q

Muller-Lyer

A

straight lines with arrows
when arrows point out, looks longer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Lyer_illusion

138
Q

Waterfall effects

A

after effects of motion
spiral demo
spin —> stationary —> move in OPPOSITE direction

139
Q

Stroboscopic motion perception

A

motion pictures
flipbook
claymtion

140
Q

Phi Phenomenon

A

Phighway signs– highway signs

illusion of movement created by a particular flashing of lights

141
Q

Induced movement

A 
sit at light 
car behind you creeps up 
makes car feel like it is going backwards 
train station 
MUST BE STATIONARY
142
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

brain perceives patterns that are more than the sum of their parts the parts are arbitrary

143
Q

Law of Closure

A

if something is missing in an otherwise complete figure, our minds tend to add to it
body in box
dashed triangle

144
Q

Law of Similarity

A

our minds tend to group similar objects together
lots of ones and zeros = ones and zeros
xs and os
two interlocking pieces

145
Q

Law of Proximity

A

objects are seen to belong with objects they are closer to, rather than more distant ones
3 groups vs. 15 dots
2 groups of shapes
group things

146
Q

Law of Symmetry

A

Our minds tend to see things as being composed of as many symmetrical figures as possible
[ ][ ][ ]

147
Q

Law of Continuity

A

our minds tend to view things as being composed of continuous fiugures
X = / + \

148
Q

Figure/Ground and reversible figures

A

skull and face– one seen as figure, other as background or vice verse
both can’t be figures
chalice and faces

149
Q

illusory contours

A

NOT CLOSURE
no real shape because not actual shapes
it is the circles with the shaded sectors that looks like it could make a rectangle

150
Q

Common Movement

A

Canadian Geese = flock = V
lock at flock
loock at school of fish
look at murder of crows

151
Q

Necker Cube

A

wire frame cube with no depth cues

152
Q

Schroeder stairs

A

ambiguous figure

no depth cues, we interpret

153
Q

Hermann grid

A

black and white with gray blobs

154
Q

Fechner

A

big name, founder of psychophysics

155
Q

pupil

A

small adjustable opening that light enters through

doesn’t move

156
Q

iris

A

a colored muscle that surrounds the pupil and regulates its size and the amount of light it lets in

157
Q

Lens

A

behind the pupil focuses the incoming rays into an image by changing its curvature one a light sensitive surface

158
Q

retina

A

multilayered tissue that lines the inside of the back of the eyeball that rays focus on

159
Q

Bipolar cells

A

intermediaries

next to rods and cones, activate ganglion cells

160
Q

ganglion cells

A

make rope like strands that comprise the optic nerve

161
Q

Optic nerve

A

carries info to the brain

162
Q

Blind spot

A

where the optic nerve leaves the eye and there are no receptor cells

163
Q

Rods

A

black and white vision sensitive in dim light periphery

about 120 million

164
Q

Cones

A

6-8 million

see color many have their own bipolar cells to relay info precisely and in great detail

165
Q

Fovea

A

the retina’s area of central that contains only cones

166
Q

Oliver Sacks

A

has prosopagnosia

AP Psych (9 decks)

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