Cognition Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Information-processing model of memory

A

like a computer
3 parts to it
1. Encode the info [like typing it into a document] [or cataloguing and identifying a new book]
2. Store the info [like saving a document] [or placing a book on a shelf]
3. retrieve the info [like getting it from the hard drive] [or retrieving a book from the shelf]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

effortful processing

A

giving thought and paying attention to new infromation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

automatic processing

A

stimuli that are encoded without any effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

parallel processing

A

used by the brain to encode multiple things simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Deep Processing

A

consciously adding meaning or making connections with information we are taking in
ex. B words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

shallow processing

A

not deep, no meaning attached/lack of placement in a relevant context responsible for forgetfulness
ex. A word

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

simple repetition to encode what we are taught

shallow processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

Sullivan is SUCH a fan

needs you to think about the meanings or uses of some concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chunking

A

group things into more manageable groups

telephone numbers, social security numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

schemas

A

cognitive frameworks based on previous experiences which help fill the gaps in our memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

constructive memory/confabulation

A

Build things into our memory that were not part of reality
ex. librarian— male or female??
adding the word sleep
adding things to the story

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

visual encoding

A

memorize a mental picture
remember what a word likes like or where it is on the page
ex: remember the appearance of one of the dwarves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

acoustic encoding

A

remember the word rhymes with something/feel for rhythm or sound
ex. of an error remember dumpy/bumpy, not grumpy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

semantic encoding

A

remember synonyms but not the word itself

ex.of an error remember a really smart dwarf but not doc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

mnemonics

A

linking part of what we want to remember to something already known
ex. remember Cliff the person by picturing his face as or on a cliff #Rushmore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Method of loci

A

tie a set of images of things you want to remember to a familiar place and then walk through it, retrieving info as you go

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Peg Word

A

use peg words to create an image and then use already memorized words to recall images by seeing the words
ex. one is a bun, two is a shoe………
hang a word on these, such as hairbrush or whatever, especially action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

spacing effect/distributed learning

A

spread out learning/studying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

self-referencing

A

use connections to your own life to better encode info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

overlearning

A

continue rehearsal even if you have mastered a topic to ensure long-term retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A

different storage mechanisms, the sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory
most accepted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

sensory register/sensory memory

A

allows us to take in ALL SENSORY INPUT very brief functioning,
most just observed and then given no attention, not encode and lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

iconic memory

A

remember half of an array of letters that is flashed or a single line
there for a moment, but fading as it is being recited
just visual sensory memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

echoic memory

A

auditory sensory memory

hear and register things, even if not listening, but only for a short period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how many items can short term memory hold?

A

7 +/- 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

George Miller

A

discovered the 7+/-2 pieces of information that could be held

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Magic number of short term capacity

A

7 +/- 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

STM/Working memory

A

very limited, lasts about 20 seconds and can only hold about 7 +/- 2 pieces of info at a time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Long-term memory

A

limitless in terms of capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Memory for a specific event or period of time in one’s life. Allow us to relive experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Semantic Memory

A

memory for information
facts and ideas
Presidents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Memory for specific actions, such as riding a bicycle, tying one’s shoes, or swimming
most enduring types of memories.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

a type of episodic memory
detailed memories of emotionally charged events
vividly recalled
Classic examples have people remember exactly what they were doing when something major occurred
not necessarily always accurate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

retrieve information best when we can recreate the environment.conditions we learned information in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

context dependent memory

A

more likely to recall information if in the same physical area of in a similar context as when the material was encountered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

state and mood dependent memory

A

one is more likely to remember something if in a similar emotional/physical state as you were when it occurred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

state dependent memory

A

witness something during fight or flight remember details better during fight or flight
drugs
alcoholic driving home

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

mood congruent memory

A

when you are sad, remember a bunch of sad stuff [all by myself] and when you are happy remember happy stuff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

eidetic imagery/memory

A

photographic memory
very rare
precise and long lasting memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

tip of the tongue phenomenon

A

know the memory is there but can’t quite get it out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Recall

A

fill in the blank or definitions recall fro memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Recognition

A

multiple choice test, select something, prompted, cues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

implicit memory/nondeclarative/procedural

A

“remember” something without knowing we do
LTM
ex. riding a bike
parts of the brain other than the hippocampus, including cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

explicit memory/ declarative memory

A

consciously declared
LTM
hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

serial position effect

A

tend to remember first and last things best

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

primacy effect

A

remember things at the beginning best/better than middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

recency effect

A

remember things at the end better than the middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

semantic distinctiveness

A

catch one’s attnetion because they do not fit the schema of the list
these things are not like the others
ex. Artichoke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

eyewitness recall

A

recollection of info personally experienced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

works with eyewitness testimony
framing of question/asking leading questions
“Which hand was the gun in?”- not even established that one was there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

misinformation effect

A

alter one’s own memories by supplying them with misleading or inaccurate info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Imagination Inflation

A

bike story added in one after LOFTUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Forgetting Curve

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus

the drop in recall, base maintained over long term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

proactive intereference

A

something form the past inhibits your attempts to recall more recent material
sophmore locker combo inhibits learning junior year one
change email/pass recently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

retroactive interference

A

new information works backwards to erase old memories
junior year combo now gets in the way of soph
changed pass a long time ago and no longer remember original

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

repression

A
Freudian 
bury traumatic thoughts so deeply we forget existence
recount trauma through therapy 
controversial 
suggestibility comes into play
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

sketch pad

A

part of WM, more specifically part of central exec

visual memories and spatial images/materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

episodic buffer

A

store personal memories, episodes in our lives

Part of WM, more specifically part of central exec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

phonological loop

A

frequently store images to words
can make mistakes/confuse letter [d for t]
part of WM, more specifically part of central exec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

central executive

A

part of WM
manages incoming info/oversees WM
3 parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

oranize info to remember it
ex. give it a visual
acrostic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Context

A

washing clothes demo

attaching a simple heading/subjeading makes us remember better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

mnemonics

A

techniques to help us improve memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

categorization

A

a type of mnemonic
ex. shopping list
study guide
auto-trader

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

acronym

A
a type of mnemonic 
ex. DSAT 
FPOT 
SOHCAHTOA 
CIA 
FBI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

acrostics

A

a type of mnemonic
Dear King Philip Cam Over From Germany Singing
Never Eat Shredded Wheat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

interactive images

A
a type of mnemonic 
ex. hippo on campus trying to remember where class is 
Amy G's dala ripped so she was sad
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Methods of loci

A

a type of mnemonic
ex. memorizing 1st 10 presidents qith houses on street
has to do with locations/places
shopping list on the beach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

positive transfer of learning

A

skill in one area helps to learn something else
French and SPanish
Tricycle to Bicycle
gymnastics to cheerleading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

negative transfers of learning

A

skills in one area interfere with no learning
driivng in US vs UK
soccer to track
skiing vs. snowboarding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Implicit memories

A

affect behavior byt can’t be recalled
ex. woman in surgery couldn’t pinpoint why she was depressed
don’t like someone you don’t know

72
Q

explicit memories

A

consciously or intentionally recollected

73
Q

Prospective Memory

A
remembering to remember 
remembering to perform an action in the future 
take med before bed
pick up flowers
study for psych
74
Q

Parallel Processing

A

remember all at once

part of retrieval

75
Q

serial processing

A

remember one at a time

part of retrieval

76
Q

self-terminating

A

part of serial processing

stop once you have the answer

77
Q

exhaustive memory

A

part of serial processing

remember whole list then evaluate

78
Q

hippocampus

A

forms new memories
release ACh
encoding memory
makes sure gets stored in long term

79
Q

Amygdala

A

emotional memory
smell/look/wear in emotion
forms/encodes emotional memories

80
Q

temporal lobe

A

stores auditory memory

81
Q

occipital lobe

A

stores visual memory

82
Q

Cerebellum

A

records memory for classically conditioned responses
CC in Cerebellum
Procedural Memory

83
Q

Neural Networks

A

a collection of neurons that work together

more you do something, stronger the net

84
Q

ACh

A

low ACh, loss of memory

alzheimers

85
Q

serotonin

A

works with ACh and in bio

86
Q

Transience

A

decay of unneeded into
typical forgetting
ex. nonsense syllables

87
Q

absent mindedness

A

information that is lost because of distraction
ex. keys in door and phone rings
focus on most important things

88
Q

blocking

A

interference from other information
useful when you want to prioritize information
serial pos effect: 1st and last block middle

89
Q

misattribution

A

information associated with wrong event or person
side effect of a useful way to store memory because we look more big picture
ex. Confuse Sam and Claire’s party
Melissa calls me Elizabeth

90
Q

conflation

A

information from different ecents got merged together

HW has frontal lobe damage- asked about date of his wedding and birth of children, said kids were born before wedding

91
Q

suggestibility

A

memories can be altered when someone else adds info
can be innocent or not
ex. threrapy causes repressed/manufcatured memory
Lost in mall

92
Q

framing a question

A

asking a question directs certain answers/how you ask affects answers
leading questions
purse snatching video
legal video

93
Q

eyewitness testimony

A

person’s recollection of an event that they witnessed
controversial
Ferguson

94
Q

Repressed and Recovered Memories

A

some consider it an updated version of Freud
memories that are forgotten and then something suddenly triggers them
controversial
Fells Acre Daycare
both false and true case studies
need to be very similar to original memory
ER nurse remembered rape after examining a patient

95
Q

Bias/hindsight bias

A

personal beliefs or experiences shape what you recall
ex. Iraq War
couples who were together rated remembered tating each other higher than they actually did, while those who broke up remember rating each other lower

96
Q

Persistence

A

Memories won’t go away
can contribute to PTSD
bad side effect of the normally positive attribute of learning from out mistakes
bad breakup

97
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

a progressive disease
it begins with forgetting simple things and often goes until no memory is left
related to type two diabetes [avoid fructose corn syrup]
ACh

98
Q

Amnesia

A

memory loss without loss of physical functioning
- often disease or damage
3 types

99
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A
Loss of memories after trauma 
ex. memento 
HM took out hippocampus, couldn't form new memories 
Clive Wearing 
a--->to---->going forward---->new
can't form new memories
100
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Loss of memories before trauma
-forget life before the trauma
Retro—-> past
Forget the past

101
Q

Source Amnesia

A

Forget where you learned info

ex. SOURCE on essay

102
Q

Suppression

A

a type of motivated forgetting
AWARE forgetting [try to suppress it]
ex. bad breakup

103
Q

Repression

A

a type of motivated forgetting
UNaware forgetting of incidents
ex. PTSD (not all people with PTSD have this)

104
Q

Mental Images

A

a mental picture

can rotate

105
Q

Cognitive Maps

A

a type of mental picture

Layout of a place in someone’s head

106
Q

Concepts and Categories

A

mental groups or similar ideas, objects or people

107
Q

Prototype

A

template
best example of something
A type of concept or category

108
Q

Hierarchy

A

Superordinate [Super—> highest up] ex. food, Mammals, School
Basic [Regular—-> average—> middle] ex. fruit, horse, High School
Subordinate [Sub—->sublevels—-> lowest level] ex. strawberry, Percheron, Sharon

109
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

Brainstorming

ex. What can you do with a paper clip??

110
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

Narrow down ideas to focus on one idea

111
Q

Analysis

A
Break down a problem into simpler parts 
good newspapers and bloggers do this 
#EzraKlein
112
Q

Synthesis

A

Combining ideas to get one solution

113
Q

Language

A

The use of spoken, written, or signed words to communicate thoughts

114
Q

Three key things about language {language is}

A

SYMBOLIC
PRODUCTIVE
GENERATIVE

115
Q

Nonhuman Language

A
animals communicate, but is it language??? 
We don't know 
Con
Lack Grammar 
Pro
Learn Sign Lang
116
Q

Phonemes

A

Smallest unit of sound
“Phones use sound”
ex. a, t, a with bar, r
approx 40 in English, at least 100 in world
Until 9 months, babies use every phoneme in the world

117
Q

Morphemes

A
Smallest unit of meaning 
M for meaning 
ex. Suffixes- ful, ed, 
Prefixes, pre, un, mono
Root words: use, able, soma
118
Q

Syntax

A
Rules for making sentences (word order) 
Sin to get words out of order 
Not same in every language 
White HOuse v. Casa Blanca 
Just because a sentence is syntactically correct, does not mean it makes sense
119
Q

Semantics

A

Sentence meaning
active and passive voice
Murph gave brilliant lecture vs. brilliant lecutre was given by Murph
ambiguous sentences

120
Q

Ambiguous Sentences

A

Hershey Bars Protest
Complaints about NBA referees growing ugly
Part of semantics

121
Q

Grammar

A

rules of language

combines syntax and semantics

122
Q

Prescriptive Grammar

A

Rules for writing in school

123
Q

Descriptive Grammar

A

way language is used by a group of speakers in everyday life
Related to dialect but not dialect
includes slangg
ex. “Back in the day” “wicked” “ain’t” “come with” “killing it”

124
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

Where the language centers are generally located

125
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Production of Language

Broca—> B—-> Be agressive—–> Active—> Action —-> Production

126
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Understanding of words

w—->end of alphabet—->bottom—>underneath—>under—>understanding

127
Q

Brain Plasticity

A

Youth
Pathways open
if damage, another part will take over
no accents

128
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

Voice inflection

Metaphors

129
Q

Association Areas

A

play role in language

130
Q

Prenatal language Acquisition

A

Late term fetus, recognize mothers voice

131
Q

Cooing

A

vocalizations of infants
EVEN DEAF INFANTS
essentially identical all over
reproducing world phonemes

132
Q

Babbling

A

The sounds a child makes are now specific to the phonemes of the language they’re being exposed to
intonations and inflections
sounds like telling you something but makes no sense
ec. Baby video
9mths-1yr
Deaf switch form vocal to hand

133
Q

Holophrastic Speech

A

the one word phrase of language acquisition

around 1 yr to 1.5

134
Q

Overextension

A

common in Holophrastic Speech
Mama = strange female
Doggie= four legged animal

135
Q

Telegraphic Speech

A

2-3 word sentences
T for two
“Daddy Cup” “Me Juice”
2-2.5

136
Q

Overregularization

A

trying to apply grammar, but incorrect
“We goed to the zoo”
this is a breakthrough because it means they are gaining a concept of tense
Bt age 4 or so kids are grasping adult syntax

137
Q

Critical Period/Sensitive Period

A

An important developmental for learning language
After puberty, language can not be fully learned
THIS IS NOT A FOREIGN LANG, BUT A FIRST ONE
Based on case studies
Wild Children
BIlingual
Isolated CHildren
Deaf Children

138
Q

Wild Children (Cirtical Period)

A

Extremely rare
Victor 1800s- vocab but tough
India 1970s

139
Q

Isolated Children (critical Period)

A

Very rare
Neglected and abused kids
Isabel- 6 yes
Genie 14 yrs

140
Q

Bilinguals (Critical period)

A

Children who learn a second language can speak it without an accent but adults have accents

141
Q

Deaf Children of Nicaragua (Critical Period)

A

Learn sign language as kids tend to be more fluent than adult learners
Kids came up with own language

142
Q

Nativists Theories

A
Nativist=innate 
Nature 
Humans are predisposed to learn language [prewired] 
Noam Chomsky- MIT 
LAD
Universal Grammar
143
Q

Language Acquisition Device

A

LAD
Born with system for processing and producing language
evidence: deaf kids in Nicaragua
supports Nativist Theories

144
Q

Universal Grammar

A

all languages have similarities/can learn form other cultures
supports Nativists theories

145
Q

Learning Theories

A

Big Forehead Skinner and Bandura (operant and social)
Nurture
Language learning happens through observation and conditioning
when a parent hears kid speak THEY FREAK OUT AND PRAISE THEM SO MUCH! this reward encourages more speech
kids imitate their accent and vocab (bad word)

146
Q

Problem with learning Theories of Language Acquisition

A

Kids are rewarded for incorrect speech, but they learn to correct themselves

147
Q

Cognitive Theories of Language Acquisition

A

Combines nature and nurture
Predisposed for language
innate system but XP is required for development
-Critical period
Thinking and Language are linked and as cognitive skills develop so does lang

148
Q

Linguistic Relativity/ the Whorfian Hypothesis

A

LAnguage influences thought
Supportive evidence
use of he for humanity –> it’s a man’s world
Propoganda

149
Q

Opposing Evidence for Linguistic Relativity/the Whorfian Hypothesis

A

Inuits and Snow– Although he said that there many words for snow showed a deeper understanding, skiiers see snow and understand it as much but don’t have as many words
New Guinea natives- only 2 color words but still able to recognize difference between colors
Still thought w/o word

150
Q

Surface vs. Deep Structure

A

Noam Chomsky
Each sentence has one surface structure, but multiple deep structures
HUmorous sentences
ec. They are frightening monkeys
Mrs. Nixon found drunk on white house lawn
Last night I shot an elephant in my pajamas

151
Q

Reading

A

starts out controlled but becomes automatic
English —> alphabetic system
letters correspond to sounds and are units of writing
good readers are automatic

152
Q

Phonemic Awareness

A
part of reading 
e with u 
o 
e with bar 
look
153
Q

Stroop Effect

A

Kind of interference

Colors and words don’t match up, hard to read

154
Q

superordinate categories

A

broad and overarching

155
Q

basic categories

A

specific examples from the superordinate

156
Q

subordinate categories

A

specific examples from the basic

157
Q

Formal Concepts

A

Defined by very specific rules

ex. a square

158
Q

Natural concepts

A

Formed from everyday experiences, do not have a fixed set of defining features
have typical characteristics and are often based on prototypes

159
Q

Incubation

A

leave problem for a while after brainstorming to allow the mind to work on it without conscious effort
can lead to further insight upon return

160
Q

Metacognition

A

reflecting and thinking about one’s own problem solving strategies

161
Q

Insight

A
A correct solution that suddenly comes after struggling with a problem 
#insightlearningwithmonkeys
162
Q

Trial and Error

A

Try a bunch of stuff and eliminate what doesn’t work

163
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

Trapped in only seeing certain uses for an object
Potato = food, not emergency gas cap
Paper clip not for earring s

164
Q

Mental Set

A

Fixation on one particular way to solve a problem
opposite of Sharon High Math Teachers
students often get trapped into only approaching something in one way

165
Q

Implicit Assumptions

A

Assume that there are rules limiting us even when they do not exist
Ex. Nine dot problem

166
Q

Algorithm

A

Step-by-step method that ensures a solution as long as each step is done properly
ex. Chain Rule

167
Q

Heuristics

A

short cuts in problem solving
rule of thumb
add 0 when something is multiplied by 10

168
Q

Availability Heuristics

A

Judge the probability of something based on what automcatically/most easily pops into your head
[what is available]
Ex. plane vs. roadway accident experiment by Kahneman and Tversky
K more common first letter vs 3
more likely to be third, but easier to think of first

169
Q

Representativeness Heuristics

A

Judge the probability of something based on how well it matches a prototype or schema that we already have
Kahneman and Tversky again
Likes poetry- professor poetry fan or truck driver
Far greater amount of drivers than professors

170
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Look for evidence that supports what you already believe

Explain away contradictory

171
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

Once we have formed a belief, we are slow to change minds even if direct evidence against it
especially once public
ex. prezzz—> vote and campaign but then he is super sleazy, less likely to change stance

172
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

Thoughts or behaviors don’t match
tension caused by conflicting ideas support for pres vs corruption
Ignore poor performance and convince ourselves that he is doing a good job to feel better

173
Q

Self-Serving bias

A

take credit for success and blame circumstances for failures
Do well on a test—> such a good studier
Do poorly —–>bad teaching, exhaustion, temperature in the room, etc…

174
Q

Overconfidence

A

people tend to want to be right and believe that they are 11

175
Q

The Dunning-Kruger Effect/illusory superiority

A

People who are bad at something often think they are really good
Incompetence helps keep them from realizing incompetence
ex. oblivious drivers don’t see how bad they are
ex. Worst comedians gave themselves higher scores

176
Q

Hindsight bias

A

Knew it all along
when people learn an outcome/solution, seems obvious
convinced they knew it all along
After a failure, more knowledgeable about error than while game was occurring